Rotating speed and magnetic pole dependency assisted on copper deposition onto aluminum alloy substrate for bacterial eradication application
Main Article Content
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is widely used in many sectors, such as drinking water piping, heat exchangers, and medical equipment. The present research conducted an electrodeposition of Cu over an aluminum (Al) alloy substrate under the influence of various magnetic poles and rotating speeds. In the present study, a number of investigations, including deposition rate, current efficiency, coating thickness, surface morphology and phase, crystallographic orientation, antibacterial activity, electrochemical behavior, and hardness test were conducted. Increasing the rotation speed promoted to enhanced deposition rate and current efficiency for both magnetic poles influence. An increase in the deposition rate from 12.83 to 13.67 µm/h led to the increasing thickness, a change in surface morphology near the spheroidal, becoming a faceted structure. Presenting and rising in the rotation of a magnetic field led to a reduced surface roughness and crystallite size of Cu film for both magnetic poles influence. The Cu film made without spinning magnetic had a characteristic of highest bacterial inhibition zone around 2.50 ±0.56 cm². The CuRN50 sample had the lowest corrosion rate at around 0.055 mmpy, while the CuRS100 sample had the highest hardness value at approximately 80.72 HV for having the lowest crystallite size. Cu coated onto Al alloy could enhance its properties, such as being antimicrobial, being resistant against corrosion and having the hardness value.
Downloads
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright
Open Access authors retain the copyrights of their papers, and all open access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.
While the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate on the date of its going to press, neither the authors, the editors, nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
2. M. M. Lachowicz, A metallographic case study of formicary corrosion in heat exchanger copper tubes, Eng. Fail. Anal. 111 (2020) 104502.
3. N. Thokala, C. Kealey, J. Kennedy, D. B. Brady and J. B. Farrell, Characterisation of polyamide 11/copper antimicrobial composites for medical device applications, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 78 (2017) 1179–1186.
4. A. Augustin, P. Huilgol, K. R. Udupa and U. B. K, Effect of current density during electrodeposition on microstructure and hardness of textured Cu coating in the application of antimicrobial Al touch surface, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 63 (2016) 352–360.
5. I. S. Brandt, M. A. Tumelero, S. Pelegrini, G. Zangari and A. A. Pasa, Electrodeposition of Cu2O: growth, properties, and applications, J. Solid State Electrochem. 21 (2017) 1999–2020.
6. A. Antenucci, S. Guarino, V. Tagliaferri and N. Ucciardello, Improvement of the mechanical and thermal characteristics of open cell aluminum foams by the electrodeposition of Cu, Mater. Des. 59 (2014) 124–129.
7. H. A. Murdoch, D. Yin, E. Hernández-Rivera and A. K. Giri, Effect of applied magnetic field on microstructure of electrodeposited copper, Electrochem. commun. 97 (2018) 11–15.
8. Q. Long, Y. Zhong and J. Wu, Research progress of magnetic field techniques for electrodeposition of coating, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 15 (2020) 8026–8040.
9. K. Ko?odziejczyk, et al., Influence of constant magnetic field on electrodeposition of metals, alloys, conductive polymers, and organic reactions, J. Solid State Electrochem. 22 (2018) 1629–1674.
10. B. Soegijono, F. B. Susetyo, Yusmaniar and M. C. Fajrah, Electrodeposition of paramagnetic copper film under magnetic field on paramagnetic aluminum alloy substrates, e-Journal Surf. Sci. Nanotechnol. 18 (2020) 281–288.
11. D. Yin, H. A. Murdoch, B. Chad Hornbuckle, E. Hernández-Rivera and M. K. Dunstan, Investigation of anomalous copper hydride phase during magnetic field-assisted electrodeposition of copper, Electrochem. commun. 98 (2019) 96–100.
12. M. Miura, et al., Magneto-Dendrite Effect: Copper Electrodeposition under High Magnetic Field, Sci. Rep. 7 (2017) 1–8.
13. S. V. Kovalyov, O. B. Girin, C. Debiemme-Chouvy and V. I. Mishchenko, Copper electrodeposition under a weak magnetic field: effect on the texturing and properties of the deposits, J. Appl. Electrochem. 51 (2021) 235–243.
14. Y. Liu, et al., Magnetic field intensified electrodeposition of low-concentration copper ions in aqueous solution, Electrochim. Acta 432 (2022) 141201.
15. Sudibyo, M. B. How and N. Aziz, Influences of magnetic field on the fractal morphology in copper electrodeposition, in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 285 (2018), pp. 012021.
16. T. Wang and W. Chen, Effects of Rotating Magnetic Fields on Nickel Electro-Deposition, ECS Electrochem. Lett. 4 (2015) D14–D17.
17. R. Ji, et al., Preparation of Ni-SiC nano-composite coating by rotating magnetic field-assisted electrodeposition, J. Manuf. Process. 57 (2020) 787–797.
18. S. Syamsuir, F. B. Susetyo, B. Soegijono, S. D. Yudanto, Basori and D. Nanto, Nickel layers properties produced by electroplating were influenced by spinning permanent magnet, in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2596 (2023), pp. 012008.
19. Syamsuir, et al., Rotating-Magnetic-Field-Assisted Electrodeposition of Copper for Ambulance Medical Equipment, Automot. Exp. 6 (2023) 290–302.
20. A. C. Larson and R. B. Von Dreele, General Structure Analysis System (GSAS), Vol. 748, University of California, Los Alamos, 2004.
21. H. D. Omar, Intensity Correction and Pole Figure Measurement of Copper Metallic by XRD, J. Basic Appl. Sci. 12 (2016) 320–322.
22. F. Briones, V. Seriacopi, C. Martínez, J. L. Valin, D. Centeno and I. F. Machado, The effects of pressure and pressure routes on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of sintered copper via SPS, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 25 (2023) 2455–2470.
23. X. Xu, et al., Effect of Mn content on microstructure and properties of 6000 series aluminum alloy, Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 125 (2019) 1–9.
24. C. O. Ayieko, R. J. Musembi, A. A. Ogacho, B. O. Aduda, B. M. Muthoka and P. K. Jain, Controlled Texturing of Aluminum Sheet for Solar Energy Applications, Adv. Mater. Phys. Chem. 05 (2015) 458–466.
25. S. J. Kim, J. Chang and M. Singh, Peptidoglycan architecture of Gram-positive bacteria by solid-state NMR, Biochim. Biophys. Acta - Biomembr. 1848 (2015) 350–362.
26. X. Chen, et al., Class A Penicillin-Binding Protein C Is Responsible for Stress Response by Regulation of Peptidoglycan Assembly in Clavibacter michiganensis, Microbiol. Spectr. 10 (2022) .
27. S. Xhafa, et al., Copper and Zinc Metal–Organic Frameworks with Bipyrazole Linkers Display Strong Antibacterial Activity against Both Gram+ and Gram? Bacterial Strains, Molecules 28 (2023) 6160.
28. X. Qu, H. Yang, B. Jia, Z. Yu, Y. Zheng and K. Dai, Biodegradable Zn–Cu alloys show antibacterial activity against MRSA bone infection by inhibiting pathogen adhesion and biofilm formation, Acta Biomater. 117 (2020) 400–417.
29. L. Huang, E. M. Fozo, T. Zhang, P. K. Liaw and W. He, Antimicrobial behavior of Cu-bearing Zr-based bulk metallic glasses, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 39 (2014) 325–329.
30. F. N. S. Raja, T. Worthington and R. A. Martin, The antimicrobial efficacy of copper, cobalt, zinc and silver nanoparticles: alone and in combination, Biomed. Mater. 18 (2023) 045003.
31. C. Zheng, J. Cao, Y. Zhang and H. Zhao, Insight into the Oxidation Mechanism of a Cu-Based Oxygen Carrier (Cu ? Cu2O ? CuO) in Chemical Looping Combustion, Energy and Fuels 34 (2020) 8718–8725.