Biochar supported photocatalyst (mangrove biochar-TiO2) for organic pollutants removal via synergetic adsorption-photocatalytic process
Main Article Content
Abstract
Access to clean water remains a global challenge, which is made worse by the contamination of chemical dyes. The recent innovations of wastewater treatment have been introduced, such as combined biochar with TiO2 photocatalyst. This study proposed to degrade mainly organic pollutants from dyed wastewater using adsorption-photocatalytic of biochar-supported photocatalyst TiO2 (BSP). Mangroves were converted into biochar via hydrothermal carbonization process and combined with TiO2 by a sol-gel method. The composite was then characterized by SEM-EDX, FTIR, and XRD. The degradation performance of the BSPs was optimized with the addition of Titanium (IV) Isopropoxide (TTIP) solution in biochar for 15-25 mL, solution photocatalyst dosage 0.5–1 g/L, initial dyed water concentration at 10 ppm, pH 5.2, and UV-irradiation time from 30 to 240 min in a photocatalytic reactor. The phenomenon of organic pollutants removal was observed based upon the mechanism and dominance of the process and the degradation reaction rate of organic pollutants in dyed wastewater. Methylene blue used as a model dye was degraded 100% through the adsorption-photocatalysis process using BSP. The highest effective degradation performance was found in BSP 20 that had a functional group area of 4.39923 m²/g, a catalyst loading of 0.5 g/L, and the highest degradation rate at k = 0.021 min?¹. In subsequent development, the synergistic interaction between biochar and TiO2 presents a promising avenue for the development of advanced wastewater treatment systems targeting the removal of organic pollutants, particularly in textile industry.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright
Open Access authors retain the copyrights of their papers, and all open access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.
While the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate on the date of its going to press, neither the authors, the editors, nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
[2] M. Qadir et al., “Global and regional potential of wastewater as a water, nutrient and energy source,” Nat Resour Forum, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 40–51, 2020, doi: 10.1111/1477-8947.12187.
[3] E. Forgacs, T. Cserháti, and G. Oros, “Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: A review,” Environ Int, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 953–971, 2004, doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2004.02.001.
[4] S. Zhang and X. Lu, “Treatment of wastewater containing Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R using TiO2/BC composite as heterogeneous photocatalyst and adsorbent,” Chemosphere, vol. 206, pp. 777–783, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.073.
[5] A. Mukimin, N. Zen, A. Purwanto, K. A. Wicaksono, H. Vistanty, and A. S. Alfauzi, “Application of a full-scale electrocatalytic reactor as real batik printing wastewater treatment by indirect oxidation process,” J Environ Chem Eng, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 5222–5232, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2017.09.053.
[6] F. Amalina et al., “Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances Biochar production techniques utilizing biomass waste-derived materials and environmental applications – A review,” Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, vol. 7, no. July, p. 100134, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100134.
[7] I. Ben Salem, M. El Gamal, M. Sharma, S. Hameedi, and F. M. Howari, “Utilization of the UAE date palm leaf biochar in carbon dioxide capture and sequestration processes,” J Environ Manage, vol. 299, no. August, p. 113644, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113644.
[8] X. Wang et al., “Targeted biochar application alters physical, chemical, hydrological and thermal properties of salt-affected soils under cotton-sugarbeet intercropping,” Catena (Amst), vol. 216, no. May, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2022.106414.
[9] H. Ghafar, R. Zailani, Y. Yaakob, and M. S. So’Aib, “Response surface methodology: Critical parameters on the production of mangrove wood biochar yield,” J Phys Conf Ser, vol. 1349, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1349/1/012026.
[10] P. Sriphirom, A. Chidthaisong, K. Yagi, S. Tripetchkul, N. Boonapatcharoen, and S. Towprayoon, “Effects of biochar on methane emission, grain yield, and soil in rice cultivation in Thailand,” Carbon Manag, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 109–121, 2021, doi: 10.1080/17583004.2021.1885257.
[11] X. Yang et al., “Adsorption properties of seaweed-based biochar with the greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) through density functional theory (DFT),” Biomass Bioenergy, vol. 163, no. June, p. 106519, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2022.106519.
[12] Y. Yu, Y. Guo, G. Wang, Y. A. El-Kassaby, and S. Sokhansanj, “Hydrothermal carbonization of waste ginkgo leaf residues for solid biofuel production: Hydrochar characterization and its pelletization,” Fuel, vol. 324, no. PA, p. 124341, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124341.
[13] M. Naderi and M. Vesali-Naseh, “Hydrochar-derived fuels from waste walnut shell through hydrothermal carbonization: characterization and effect of processing parameters,” Biomass Convers Biorefin, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 1443–1451, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s13399-019-00513-2.
[14] M. Omenesa, M. Nasir, M. Ibrahim, N. Asshifa, A. Ali, and M. H. Hussin, “Synthesis and fabrication of palm kernel shell-derived modified electrodes?: A practical step towards the industrialization of microbial fuel cells,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 475, no. September, p. 146321, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.146321.
[15] H. Jia, J. Li, Y. Li, H. Lu, J. Liu, and C. Yan, “The remediation of PAH contaminated sediment with mangrove plant and its derived biochars,” vol. 268, no. February, pp. 1–8, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110410.
[16] R. Ray et al., “Carbon sequestration and annual increase of carbon stock in a mangrove forest,” vol. 45, pp. 5016–5024, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.04.074.
[17] H. Thi et al., “Belowground carbon sequestration in a mature planted mangroves ( Northern Viet Nam ),” For Ecol Manage, vol. 407, pp. 191–199, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.06.057.
[18] I. Sulthonuddin and H. Herdiansyah, “Sustainability of Batik wastewater quality management strategies: analytical hierarchy process,” Appl Water Sci, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1–12, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s13201-021-01360-1.
[19] X. Feng, X. Li, B. Su, and J. Ma, “Colloids and Surfaces A?: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects Solid-phase fabrication of TiO 2 / Chitosan-biochar composites with superior UV – vis light driven photocatalytic degradation performance,” Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp, vol. 648, no. April, p. 129114, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129114.
[20] D. Guo, D. Feng, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, J. Wu, and Y. Zhao, “Synergistic mechanism of biochar-nano TiO 2 adsorption-photocatalytic oxidation of toluene,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 229, no. February, p. 107200, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2022.107200.
[21] M. A. Martins, M. Otero, C. Patrícia, D. Pereira, V. I. Esteves, and D. L. D. Lima, “Biochar-TiO 2 magnetic nanocomposites for photocatalytic solar-driven removal of antibiotics from aquaculture effluents,” vol. 294, no. June, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112937.
[22] F. Liu, R. Yu, and M. Guo, “Hydrothermal carbonization of forestry residues?: influence of reaction temperature on holocellulose- derived hydrochar properties,” J Mater Sci, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 1736–1746, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s10853-016-0465-8.
[23] V. Uday, P. S. Harikrishnan, K. Deoli, F. Zitouni, J. Mahlknecht, and M. Kumar, “Current trends in production, morphology, and real-world environmental applications of biochar for the promotion of sustainability,” Bioresour Technol, vol. 359, no. June, p. 127467, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127467.
[24] Z. Liu, A. Quek, S. Kent Hoekman, and R. Balasubramanian, “Production of solid biochar fuel from waste biomass by hydrothermal carbonization,” Fuel, vol. 103, pp. 943–949, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.07.069.
[25] E. Miliotti, D. Casini, L. Rosi, G. Lotti, A. M. Rizzo, and D. Chiaramonti, “Lab-scale pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization of biomass digestate: Characterization of solid products and compliance with biochar standards,” Biomass Bioenergy, vol. 139, no. November 2019, p. 105593, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105593.
[26] Z. Zhang, Z. Zhu, B. Shen, and L. Liu, “Insights into biochar and hydrochar production and applications: A review,” Energy, vol. 171, pp. 581–598, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.035.
[27] T. Fazal et al., “Integrating adsorption and photocatalysis: A cost effective strategy for textile wastewater treatment using hybrid biochar-TiO2 composite,” J Hazard Mater, vol. 390, no. November 2019, p. 121623, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121623.
[28] J. Shi, W. Huang, H. Zhu, J. Xiong, H. Bei, and S. Wang, “Facile Fabrication of Durable Biochar / H 2 TiO 2 for Highly E ffi cient Solar-Driven Degradation of Enro fl oxacin?: Properties , Degradation Pathways , and Mechanism,” 2022, doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00523.
[29] Z. Liu, A. Quek, S. Kent Hoekman, and R. Balasubramanian, “Production of solid biochar fuel from waste biomass by hydrothermal carbonization,” Fuel, vol. 103, pp. 943–949, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.07.069.
[30] J. R. Kim and E. Kan, “Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole in water using a biochar-supported TiO 2 photocatalyst,” J Environ Manage, vol. 180, pp. 94–101, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.05.016.
[31] M. M. Mian and G. Liu, “Recent progress in biochar-supported photocatalysts: Synthesis, role of biochar, and applications,” RSC Adv, vol. 8, no. 26, pp. 14237–14248, 2018, doi: 10.1039/c8ra02258e.
[32] D. Van Thuan et al., “Adsorption and photodegradation of micropollutant in wastewater by photocatalyst TiO2/rice husk biochar,” Environ Res, vol. 236, no. P2, p. 116789, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116789.
[33] L. Qin and D. Shin, “Effects of UV Light Treatment on Functional Group and Its Adsorption Capacity of Biochar,” Energies (Basel), vol. 16, no. 14, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.3390/en16145508.
[34] T. G. Ambaye, M. Vaccari, E. D. van Hullebusch, A. Amrane, and S. Rtimi, “Mechanisms and adsorption capacities of biochar for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from industrial wastewater,” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 18, no. 10. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, pp. 3273–3294, Oct. 01, 2021. doi: 10.1007/s13762-020-03060-w.
[35] P. Kharel, “Photocatalytic degradation of biochar modified nano composites,” 2023.
[36] D. Ariyanti, M. Maillot, and W. Gao, “Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering Photo-assisted degradation of dyes in a binary system using TiO 2 under simulated solar radiation,” J Environ Chem Eng, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 539–548, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2017.12.031.
[37] S. Alomairy, L. Gnanasekaran, S. Rajendran, and W. F. Alsanie, “Biochar supported nano core-shell (TiO2/CoFe2O4) for wastewater treatment,” Environ Res, vol. 238, no. P1, p. 117169, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117169.