Peat water electrocoagulator design with aluminium electrodes in household scale for cleaning water supply
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Abstract
The peat water studied contained colour, turbidity, organic substances, and iron that were sufficient to be analysed for the use of electrocoagulation. The aluminium electrodes were contacted with peat water by varying electrode plates, sedimentation time, electrolyte concentration, stirring speed, and contact time to produce clean water. The results showed that the electrocoagulator with the 3 pairs of electrode plates, 60-minute sedimentation time, 75 g NaCl electrolyte concentration, stirring speed at 75 rpm, and 60-minute electrocoagulation time was the most optimal variation. The results showed that the electrocoagulation method was able to reduce the pollutant levels in peat water. The results of this treatment also met the standards of the Ministry of Health and based on the calculation of cost incurred by the electrocoagulation method, i.e. $ 0.154/day, $ 4.641/month and $ 55.693/year.
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Hadary, F., Rezeki, S., Hansen, Dewi, S. U. S., Alana, D. G., Anindito, A., Yulianto, S., Gumilar, D., & Putri, L. A. (2025). Peat water electrocoagulator design with aluminium electrodes in household scale for cleaning water supply. Communications in Science and Technology, 10(1), 160-169. https://doi.org/10.21924/cst.10.1.2025.1694
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References
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N. A. Rahman et al., “Experimental Studies on Continuous Electrocoagulation Treatment of Peat Water in Sarawak with Copper Electrodes,” Int. J. Integr. Eng., 2 (2021) 168–176.
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D. T. Moussa, M. H. El-Naas, M. Nasser, and M. J. Al-Marri, “A comprehensive review of electrocoagulation for water treatment: Potentials and challenges,” J. Environ. Manage., 186 (2017) 24–41.
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H. Pradiko, E. Afiatun, and E. Fabian, “Influence of Mixing and Detention Time in Electro Coagulation Process to Treat Raw Water at Badak Singa Water Treatment Plant,” Indones. J. Urban Environ. Technol., 1 (2018) 137–150.
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W. M. Salih, S. K. Alnasri, and A. A. Al Abdalaali, “Removal of Boron from Simulated Iraqi Surface Water by Electrocoagulation Method,” J. Eng., 18 (2023) 1266–1281.
S. Vasudevan, S. M. Sheela, J. Lakshmi, and G. Sozhan, “Optimization of the process parameters for the removal of boron from drinking water by electrocoagulation - A clean technology,” J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 85 (2010) 926–933.
G. Mouedhen, M. Feki, M. D. P. Wery, and H. F. Ayedi, “Behavior of aluminum electrodes in electrocoagulation process,” J. Hazard. Mater., 150 (2008) 124–135.
M. Kobya, H. Hiz, E. Senturk, C. Aydiner, and E. Demirbas, “Treatment of potato chips manufacturing wastewater by electrocoagulation,” Desalination, 190 (2006) 201–211.
H. R. I. Wardono, T. Cahyono, N. Hilal, and K. A. Putri, “Automatic Peat Water Treatment Method with Electrocoagulation and Salt Addition Techniques to Improve Chemical Quality to Drinking Water,” ISET Univ. Negeri Semarang Int. Conf. Sci. Educ. Technol., (2022) 704–708.
R. Hussein, A. Elmolla, A. Abdallah, and M. Attia, “Effect of Spacing of Different Types of Electrodes in the Electrocoagulation Process,” J. Al-Azhar Univ. Eng. Sect., 17 (2022) 919–931.
M. Moradi, Y. Vasseghian, H. Arabzade, and A. M. Khaneghah, “Various wastewaters treatment by sono-electrocoagulation process: A comprehensive review of operational parameters and future outlook,” vol. 263, 2021.
M. Bayramoglu, M. Kobya, O. T. Can, and M. Sozbir, “Operating cost analysis of electroagulation of textile dye wastewater,” Sep. Purif. Technol., 37 (2004) 117–125.
S. Senthilnathan, “Usefulness of Correlation Analysis,” no. July, 2019.
E. K. Prayitno, “Initial Experiment of Electrocoagulation Process as an Alternative Method in Liquid Waste Treatment,” Proc. Sci. Meet. Present. - Basic Res. Nucl. Sci. Technol. (2012) 94–99.
X. Lin, J. Gong, H. Li, H. Zhang, Y. Yu, and W. Tan, “Solar-powered electrocoagulation treatment of wet flue gas desulfurization wastewater using dimensionally stable anode and induced electrode,” Environ. Eng. Res., 28 (2023) 0–1.
P. Lestari, C. Amri, and S. Sudaryanto, “Effectiveness of the Number of Aluminum Electrode Pairs in the Electrocoagulation Process on Reducing Phosphate Levels in Laundry Liquid Waste,” Sanit. J. Environ. Heal., 9 (2017) 38.
Sutanto and D. Widjajanto, “Comparison of the Efficiency of Two-Cell and Three-Cell Process Tanks in Reducing Iron (Fe) Content in Wastewater by Electrocoagulation with a Cathode Made of Used Battery Carbon,” J. Poly Technol., 10 (2011) 1–7.
B. Xu, S. M. Iskander, and Z. He, “Dominant formation of unregulated disinfection by-products during electrocoagulation treatment of landfill leachate,” Environ. Res., 182 (2020) 109006.
A. A. Al-Raad and M. M. Hanafiah, “Removal of inorganic pollutants using electrocoagulation technology: A review of emerging applications and mechanisms,” J. Environ. Manage., 300 (2021) 113696.
A. F. Ramadhan, I. Amri, and D. Drastinawati, “The Effect of Electrode Distance and Current Strength on Peat Water Treatment with Continuous Electrocoagulation Process,” J. Bioprocess, Chem. Environ. Eng. Sci., 2 (2021) 46–55.
H. Trisnawati, Purnama, “The effect of time and electrode distance on leachate treatment using the electrocoagulation-zeolite adsorption method,” J. Tek. Kim., 27 (2021) 2721–4885.
H. Setyawati, D. Galuh, and E. Yunita, “Effect Of Electrode Distance and Voltage On Cr, COD, and TSS Reduction In Waste Water Tanning Industry Using Electrocoagulator Batch,” J. Sustain. Technol. Appl. Sci., 2 (2021) 24–30.
A. Tahreen, M. S. Jami, and F. Ali, “Role of electrocoagulation in wastewater treatment: A developmental review,” J. Water Process Eng., 37 (2020) 101440.
S. Bun et al., “Development of Integrated Electrocoagulation-Sedimentation (IECS) in Continuous Mode for Turbidity and Color Removal,” ChemEngineering, 6 (2022).
C. Barrera-Díaz, G. Roa-Morales, L. Ávila-Córdoba, T. Pavón-Silva, and B. Bilyeu, “Electrochemical Treatment Applied to Food-Processing Industrial Wastewater,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 45 (2006) 34–38.
Rumbino, “Determination of Particle Deposition Rate in Water Separation Outcomes of Manganese Oil Washing,” 14 (2020) 1–9.
S. M. Dessy, A. Mirwan, D. R. Wicakso, B. F. P. Suherman, and S. Nurhalisa, “Color and Total Organic Carbon ( TOC ) Removal from Peat Water Using The Electrocoagulation Process?: Central Composite Design for Optimization,” 26 (2025) 165-172.
E. Brillas and C. A. Martínez-Huitle, “Decontamination of wastewaters containing synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods. An updated review,” Appl. Catal. B Environ., 166–167 (2015) 603–643.
M. Malakootian, H. J. Mansoorian, and M. Moosazadeh, “Performance evaluation of electrocoagulation process using iron-rod electrodes for removing hardness from drinking water,” Desalination, 255 (2010) 67–71.
C. J. Izquierdo, P. Canizares, M. A. Rodrigo, J. P. Leclerc, G. Valentin, and F. Lapicque, “Effect of the nature of the supporting electrolyte on the treatment of soluble oils by electrocoagulation,” Desalination, 255 (2010) 15–20.
R. Keyikoglu, O. T. Can, A. Aygun, and A. Tek, “Comparison of the effects of various supporting electrolytes on the treatment of a dye solution by electrocoagulation process,” Colloid Interface Sci. Commun., 33 (2019) 100210.
S. Irdemez, Z. Bingul, S. Kul, F. E. Torun, and N. Demircioglu, “The effect of supporting electrolyte type and concentration on the phosphate removal from water by electrocoagulation method using iron electrodes,” Nigde Omer Halisdemir Univ. J. Eng. Sci., 11 (2022) 25–30.
S. Husein, Slamet, and E. L. Dewi, “The Impact of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Concentrations on Electrocoagulation for Simultaneous Tartrazine Dye Removal and Hydrogen Production,” (2024) 4.
S. Bayar, Y. S. Yildiz, A. E. Yilmaz, and S. Irdemez, “The effect of stirring speed and current density on removal efficiency of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater by electrocoagulation method,” Desalination, 280 (2011) 103–107.
B. Khaled, B. Wided, H. Béchir, E. Elimame, L. Mouna, and T. Zied, “Investigation of electrocoagulation reactor design parameters effect on the removal of cadmium from synthetic and phosphate industrial wastewater,” Arab. J. Chem., 12 (2019) 1848–1859.
D. R. Wicakso, A. Mirwan, E. Agustin, N. F. Nopembriani, I. Firdaus, and M. Fadillah, “Potential of silica from water treatment sludge modified with chitosan for Pb(II) and color adsorption in sasirangan waste solution,” Commun. Sci. Technol., 7 (2022) 188–193.
S. Tak and B. P. Vellanki, “Natural organic matter as precursor to disinfection byproducts and its removal using conventional and advanced processes: State of the art review,” J. Water Health, 16 (2018) 681–703.
Z. Akhmadi, F. Chitra, and D. Wulantika, “The Influence of Electrode Plate Area in Reducing Turbidity and Color Levels in Peat Water” 17 (2023) 996–1007.
V. Ridantami, B. Wasito, and P. Prayitno, “The Effect Of Voltage And Time On The Processing Of Radioactive Uranium And Thorium Waste With The Electrocoagulation Process,” J. Forum Nukl., 10 (2017) 102.
D. Suherman and N. Sumawijaya, “Removing Color and Organic Substances from Peat Water Using the Alkaline Coagulation-Flocculation Method,” J. Ris. Geol. dan Pertamb., 23 (2013) 125.
N. I. Said and W. Widayat, “Simple Peat Water Treatment Technology,” Water Treat. Technol. B. "Theory Pract. Exp., (2008) 337–386.
A. Anggriawan, E. Saputra, and M. Olivia, “Removal of Fe and Mn metal levels in peat water by utilizing geopolymer from kaolin as an adsorbent,” (Indonesian Ed. Jom FTEKNIK, 2 (2015) 1–6.
J. P. Ritson et al., “Managing peatland vegetation for drinking water treatment,” Sci. Rep., 6 (2016) 1–9.
Abdul Rahman, N. et al., “Erratum: Kinetic Study & Statistical Modelling of Sarawak Peat Water Electrocoagulation System using Copper and Aluminium Electrodes,” J. Appl. Sci. Process Eng., 9 (2022) 1157.
S. Nasir, D. Y. N. Sambeghana, F. Purbalesmana, M. Rendana, Nukman, and E. Ibrahim, “Peat water treatment using biocoagulant and ceramic membrane,” Desalin. Water Treat., 320 (2024) 100608.
P. Susmanto, J. P. S, and A. Rumaiza, “Processing of Swamp Water into Clean Water in the Timbangan Indralaya Area (-3.201341 LS 104.6513881 BT) Using Ultrafiltration Membranes,” Pros. Semin. Nas. Avoer VI, Univ. Sriwij. 30 - 31 Oktober 2014, 2014, [Online]. Available: http://eprints.unsri.ac.id/id/eprint/5328.
L. Darmayanti, S. Juliani, and D. Andrio, “The potential of palm frond-based magnetic biochar for peat water treatment,” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 1388 (2024).
W. Wahyu and N. I. Said, “Continuous Peat Water Treatment,” J. Environ. Technol., 2 (2001) 214–222.
A. Rahmi, “Peat Water Quality Analysis Using Simple Filtration Method,” APTEK J., 15 (2022) 14–20.
G. Chen, “Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment,” Sep. Purif. Technol., 38 (2004) 11–41.
N. A. Rahman et al., “Experimental Studies on Continuous Electrocoagulation Treatment of Peat Water in Sarawak with Copper Electrodes,” Int. J. Integr. Eng., 2 (2021) 168–176.
S. Garcia-Segura, M. M. S. G. Eiband, J. V. de Melo, and C. A. Martínez-Huitle, “Electrocoagulation and advanced electrocoagulation processes: A general review about the fundamentals, emerging applications and its association with other technologies,” J. Electroanal. Chem., 801 (2017) 267–299.
M. Qadafi, D. R. Wulan, S. Notodarmojo, and Y. Zevi, “Characteristics and treatment methods for peat water as clean water sources: A mini review,” Water Cycle, 4 (2023) 60–69.
I. Amri, S. Herman, A. F. Ramadan, and N. Hamzah, “Effect of electrode and electric current on peat water treatment with continuous electrocoagulation process,” 2022.
N. A. Rahman, N. A. Tomiran, and A. H. Hashim, “Batch Electrocoagulation Treatment of Peat Water in Sarawak with Galvanized Iron Electrodes,” Mater. Sci. Forum, 997 (2020) 127–138.
Rusdianasari, Y. Bow, and T. Dewi, “Peat Water Treatment by Electrocoagulation using Aluminium Electrodes,” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 258 (2019).
N. Abdul Rahman et al., “Experimental study of batch electrocoagulation treatment of peat water in Sarawak with aluminium electrodes,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 778 (2020).
N. A. Rahman, C. J. Jol, A. A. Linus, and V. Ismail, “Emerging Application of Electrocoagulation for Tropical Peat Water Treatment: A Review,” Chem. Eng. Process. - Process Intensif., 165 (2021).
D. T. Moussa, M. H. El-Naas, M. Nasser, and M. J. Al-Marri, “A comprehensive review of electrocoagulation for water treatment: Potentials and challenges,” J. Environ. Manage., 186 (2017) 24–41.
N. A. Rahman et al., “Development of solar power system for Sarawak peat water continuous electrocoagulation treatment process,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 1101 (2021) 012039.
H. Pradiko, E. Afiatun, and E. Fabian, “Influence of Mixing and Detention Time in Electro Coagulation Process to Treat Raw Water at Badak Singa Water Treatment Plant,” Indones. J. Urban Environ. Technol., 1 (2018) 137–150.
B. Rangga, A. A. Akbar, and H. Herawati, “The impact of soil and rock mining on freshwater provisioning services in Peniraman Village, Mempawah Regency, West Kalimantan.” https://jdmlm.ub.ac.id/index.php/jdmlm/article/view/1304/pdf (accessed Jan. 26, 2024).
W. M. Salih, S. K. Alnasri, and A. A. Al Abdalaali, “Removal of Boron from Simulated Iraqi Surface Water by Electrocoagulation Method,” J. Eng., 18 (2023) 1266–1281.
S. Vasudevan, S. M. Sheela, J. Lakshmi, and G. Sozhan, “Optimization of the process parameters for the removal of boron from drinking water by electrocoagulation - A clean technology,” J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 85 (2010) 926–933.
G. Mouedhen, M. Feki, M. D. P. Wery, and H. F. Ayedi, “Behavior of aluminum electrodes in electrocoagulation process,” J. Hazard. Mater., 150 (2008) 124–135.
M. Kobya, H. Hiz, E. Senturk, C. Aydiner, and E. Demirbas, “Treatment of potato chips manufacturing wastewater by electrocoagulation,” Desalination, 190 (2006) 201–211.
H. R. I. Wardono, T. Cahyono, N. Hilal, and K. A. Putri, “Automatic Peat Water Treatment Method with Electrocoagulation and Salt Addition Techniques to Improve Chemical Quality to Drinking Water,” ISET Univ. Negeri Semarang Int. Conf. Sci. Educ. Technol., (2022) 704–708.
R. Hussein, A. Elmolla, A. Abdallah, and M. Attia, “Effect of Spacing of Different Types of Electrodes in the Electrocoagulation Process,” J. Al-Azhar Univ. Eng. Sect., 17 (2022) 919–931.
M. Moradi, Y. Vasseghian, H. Arabzade, and A. M. Khaneghah, “Various wastewaters treatment by sono-electrocoagulation process: A comprehensive review of operational parameters and future outlook,” vol. 263, 2021.
M. Bayramoglu, M. Kobya, O. T. Can, and M. Sozbir, “Operating cost analysis of electroagulation of textile dye wastewater,” Sep. Purif. Technol., 37 (2004) 117–125.
S. Senthilnathan, “Usefulness of Correlation Analysis,” no. July, 2019.
E. K. Prayitno, “Initial Experiment of Electrocoagulation Process as an Alternative Method in Liquid Waste Treatment,” Proc. Sci. Meet. Present. - Basic Res. Nucl. Sci. Technol. (2012) 94–99.
X. Lin, J. Gong, H. Li, H. Zhang, Y. Yu, and W. Tan, “Solar-powered electrocoagulation treatment of wet flue gas desulfurization wastewater using dimensionally stable anode and induced electrode,” Environ. Eng. Res., 28 (2023) 0–1.
P. Lestari, C. Amri, and S. Sudaryanto, “Effectiveness of the Number of Aluminum Electrode Pairs in the Electrocoagulation Process on Reducing Phosphate Levels in Laundry Liquid Waste,” Sanit. J. Environ. Heal., 9 (2017) 38.
Sutanto and D. Widjajanto, “Comparison of the Efficiency of Two-Cell and Three-Cell Process Tanks in Reducing Iron (Fe) Content in Wastewater by Electrocoagulation with a Cathode Made of Used Battery Carbon,” J. Poly Technol., 10 (2011) 1–7.
B. Xu, S. M. Iskander, and Z. He, “Dominant formation of unregulated disinfection by-products during electrocoagulation treatment of landfill leachate,” Environ. Res., 182 (2020) 109006.
A. A. Al-Raad and M. M. Hanafiah, “Removal of inorganic pollutants using electrocoagulation technology: A review of emerging applications and mechanisms,” J. Environ. Manage., 300 (2021) 113696.
A. F. Ramadhan, I. Amri, and D. Drastinawati, “The Effect of Electrode Distance and Current Strength on Peat Water Treatment with Continuous Electrocoagulation Process,” J. Bioprocess, Chem. Environ. Eng. Sci., 2 (2021) 46–55.
H. Trisnawati, Purnama, “The effect of time and electrode distance on leachate treatment using the electrocoagulation-zeolite adsorption method,” J. Tek. Kim., 27 (2021) 2721–4885.
H. Setyawati, D. Galuh, and E. Yunita, “Effect Of Electrode Distance and Voltage On Cr, COD, and TSS Reduction In Waste Water Tanning Industry Using Electrocoagulator Batch,” J. Sustain. Technol. Appl. Sci., 2 (2021) 24–30.
A. Tahreen, M. S. Jami, and F. Ali, “Role of electrocoagulation in wastewater treatment: A developmental review,” J. Water Process Eng., 37 (2020) 101440.
S. Bun et al., “Development of Integrated Electrocoagulation-Sedimentation (IECS) in Continuous Mode for Turbidity and Color Removal,” ChemEngineering, 6 (2022).
C. Barrera-Díaz, G. Roa-Morales, L. Ávila-Córdoba, T. Pavón-Silva, and B. Bilyeu, “Electrochemical Treatment Applied to Food-Processing Industrial Wastewater,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 45 (2006) 34–38.
Rumbino, “Determination of Particle Deposition Rate in Water Separation Outcomes of Manganese Oil Washing,” 14 (2020) 1–9.
S. M. Dessy, A. Mirwan, D. R. Wicakso, B. F. P. Suherman, and S. Nurhalisa, “Color and Total Organic Carbon ( TOC ) Removal from Peat Water Using The Electrocoagulation Process?: Central Composite Design for Optimization,” 26 (2025) 165-172.
E. Brillas and C. A. Martínez-Huitle, “Decontamination of wastewaters containing synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods. An updated review,” Appl. Catal. B Environ., 166–167 (2015) 603–643.
M. Malakootian, H. J. Mansoorian, and M. Moosazadeh, “Performance evaluation of electrocoagulation process using iron-rod electrodes for removing hardness from drinking water,” Desalination, 255 (2010) 67–71.
C. J. Izquierdo, P. Canizares, M. A. Rodrigo, J. P. Leclerc, G. Valentin, and F. Lapicque, “Effect of the nature of the supporting electrolyte on the treatment of soluble oils by electrocoagulation,” Desalination, 255 (2010) 15–20.
R. Keyikoglu, O. T. Can, A. Aygun, and A. Tek, “Comparison of the effects of various supporting electrolytes on the treatment of a dye solution by electrocoagulation process,” Colloid Interface Sci. Commun., 33 (2019) 100210.
S. Irdemez, Z. Bingul, S. Kul, F. E. Torun, and N. Demircioglu, “The effect of supporting electrolyte type and concentration on the phosphate removal from water by electrocoagulation method using iron electrodes,” Nigde Omer Halisdemir Univ. J. Eng. Sci., 11 (2022) 25–30.
S. Husein, Slamet, and E. L. Dewi, “The Impact of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Concentrations on Electrocoagulation for Simultaneous Tartrazine Dye Removal and Hydrogen Production,” (2024) 4.
S. Bayar, Y. S. Yildiz, A. E. Yilmaz, and S. Irdemez, “The effect of stirring speed and current density on removal efficiency of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater by electrocoagulation method,” Desalination, 280 (2011) 103–107.
B. Khaled, B. Wided, H. Béchir, E. Elimame, L. Mouna, and T. Zied, “Investigation of electrocoagulation reactor design parameters effect on the removal of cadmium from synthetic and phosphate industrial wastewater,” Arab. J. Chem., 12 (2019) 1848–1859.
D. R. Wicakso, A. Mirwan, E. Agustin, N. F. Nopembriani, I. Firdaus, and M. Fadillah, “Potential of silica from water treatment sludge modified with chitosan for Pb(II) and color adsorption in sasirangan waste solution,” Commun. Sci. Technol., 7 (2022) 188–193.
S. Tak and B. P. Vellanki, “Natural organic matter as precursor to disinfection byproducts and its removal using conventional and advanced processes: State of the art review,” J. Water Health, 16 (2018) 681–703.
Z. Akhmadi, F. Chitra, and D. Wulantika, “The Influence of Electrode Plate Area in Reducing Turbidity and Color Levels in Peat Water” 17 (2023) 996–1007.
V. Ridantami, B. Wasito, and P. Prayitno, “The Effect Of Voltage And Time On The Processing Of Radioactive Uranium And Thorium Waste With The Electrocoagulation Process,” J. Forum Nukl., 10 (2017) 102.