Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and Congo red dyes from aqueous solutions by bentonite-Fe3O4 magnetic
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Keywords:
bentonite-Fe3O4, magnetic, degradation photocatalytic, methylene blue, Congo red
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Abstract
This study describes the co-precipitation synthesis of magnetic bentonite-Fe3O4 for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and Congo red pigments under visible light. Bentonite-Fe3O4 composites were produced using the mass ratio of 2:1 and 1:1 for bentonite to Fe3O4, respectively. X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), BET surface area, Vibrating-Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Ultraviolet–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV DRS) were used to characterize the materials. The bentonite-Fe3O4 (1:1) composite exhibited a greater surface area in comparison to the bentonite-Fe3O4 (2:1) composite with a measured value of 106.6 m2/g. It is a superparamagnetic material with a band gap of 2.25 eV and a saturation magnetization of 69.64 emu/g. The photocatalytic degradation of dye using bentonite-Fe3O4 (1:1) with the initial dye concentration of 25 mg/L, volume of 50 mL, catalyst dose of 0.05 g/L, addition of 3 mL H2O2, and 90 minutes of visible irradiation resulted in 94.34% and 98.45% degradation efficiency of methylene blue and Congo red dyes, respectively. The study determined that the most favorable pH for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue was pH 11, whereas the optimal pH for Congo red was found at pH 5. For methylene blue and Congo red dyes, photocatalytic degradation followed pseudo-first-order with the constant rates of 0.0356 min-1 and 0.0348 min-1, respectively. After five cycles of use in the photocatalytic process, the catalyst's degradation efficiency fell into below 5%. This research demonstrated that catalysts could be utilized in wastewater treatment technology.
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Riyanti, F., Hasanudin, H., Rachmat, A., Purwaningrum, W., & Hariani, P. L. (2023). Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and Congo red dyes from aqueous solutions by bentonite-Fe3O4 magnetic. Communications in Science and Technology, 8(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.21924/cst.8.1.2023.1007
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References
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A. Pourzad, H.R. Sobhi, M. Behbahani, A. Esrafili, R.R. Kalantary, M. Kermani, Efficient visible Light-induced photocatalytic removal of paraquat using N-doped TiO2@SiO2@Fe3O4 nanocomposite, J. Mol. Liq 299 (2020) 1-7.
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J.T. Adeleke, Theivasanthi, M. Thiruppathi, M. Swaminathan, T. Akomolafe, A.B. Alabi, Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by ZnO/NiFe2O4 nanoparticles, Appl. Surf. Sci. 455 (2018) 195-200.
H. Hanafy, Adsorption of methylene blue and bright blue dyes on bayleaf capertree pods powder: understanding the adsorption mechanism by a theoretical study, J. Mol. Liq. 332 (2021) 1-5.
M. Iram, C. Guo, Y. Guan, A. Ishfag, H. Liu, Adsorption and magnetic removal of neutral red dye from aqueous solution using Fe3O4 hollow nanospheres, J. Hazard. Mater. 181 (2010) 1039-1050.
Y. Li, A. Meas, S. Shan, R. Yang, X. Gai, Production and optimization of bamboo hydrochars for adsorption of congo red and 2-naphthol, Bioresour. Technol. 207 (2016) 379-386.
C. K. Mangat, S. Kaur, Efficient removal and separation of anionic dyes from aqueous medium by the application of reverse micelles of cationic surfactants, Desalin. Water Treat. 52 (2014) 3555–3563.
Y. Song, et al., The feasibility of UF-RO integrated membrane system combined with coagulation/occulation for hairwork dyeing effluent reclamation, Sci. Total Environ. 691 (2019) 45-54.
M.S. Anantha, S. Olivera, C. Hu, B.K. Jayanna, N. Reddy, Comparison of the photocatalytic, adsorption and electrochemical methods for the removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions, Environ. Technol. Innov. 17 (2020), 1-20.
J. Li, et al., Improved water permeability and structural stability in a polysulfone-grafted graphene oxide composite membrane used for dye separation, J. Membr. Sci. 595 (2020) 1-11.
K.H.H. Aziz et al., Comparative study on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenol removal from aqueous solutions via ozonation, photocatalysis and non-thermal plasma using a planar falling film reactor, J. Hazard. Mater. 343 (2018) 107-115.
A. Rafig et al., Photocatalytic degradation of dyes using semiconductor photocatalysts to clean industrial water pollution, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 97 (2021) 111-128.
N. Fessi et al., Surface and electronic features of fluorinated TiO2 and their influence on the photocatalytic degradation of 1-Methylnaphalene, J. Phys. Chem. C 124 (2020) 11456-11468.
M.K.H.M. Hanif, N.A. Sapawe, Short review on photocatalytic toward dye degradation, Mater. Today 31 (2020) A42-A47.
Z. Hu, J. Fan, K. Zhang, N. Yu, J. Wang, Pharmaceutical removal by novel nanoscale photocatalyst Bi4VO8Cl: influencing factors, kinetics, and mechanism, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53 (2014) 14623-14632.
D. Guin, B. Baruwati, S.V. Manorama, A simple chemical synthesis of nanocrystalline AFe2O4 (A = Fe, Ni, Zn): an efficient catalyst for selective oxidation of styrene, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 242 (2005) 26-31.
Z. Li, X. Lai, H. Wang, D. Mao, C. Xing, D. Wang, General synthesis of homogeneous hollow core-shell ferrite microspheres, J. Phys. Chem. C. 113 (2009) 2792-2797.
K. Maaz, A. Mumtaz, S.K. Hasanain, A. Ceylan, Synthesis and magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles prepared by wet chemical route, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 308 (2007) 289-295.
A. Kalam et al., Modified solvothermal synthesis of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) magnetic nanoparticles photocatalysts for degradation of methylene blue with H2O2/visible light, Results Phys. 8 (2018) 1046-1053.
R. Dom, R. Subasri, K. Radha, P.H. Borse, Synthesis of solar active nanocrystalline ferrite, MFe2O4 (M: Ca, Zn, mg) photocatalyst by microwave irradiation, Solid State Commun. 151 (2011) 470-473.
I.J. Ani, U.G. Akpan, M.A. Olutoye, B.H. Hameed, Photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in petroleum refinery wastewater by TiO2- and ZnO-based photocatalysts: recent development, J. Clean. Prod. 205 (2018) 930-954.
T.P. Oliveira et al., Synthesis and photocatalytic investigation of ZnFe2O4 in the degradation of organic dyes under visible light, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 9 (2020) 15001-15015.
C. B. Ong, L. Y. Ng, A. W. Mohammad, A review of ZnO nanoparticles as solar photocatalysis: synthesis, mechanism and applications, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 81 (2018) 536-551.
P.L. Hariani M. Said, A. Rachmat, F. Riyanti, H.C. Pratiwi, W.T. Rizki, Preparation of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles by solution combustion method as photocatalyst of congo red, Bull. Chem. React. Eng. 16 (2021) 481-490.
J. Zhang, S. Fan, B. Lu, Q. Cai, J. Zhao, S. Zang, Photodegradation of naphthalene over Fe3O4 under visible light irradiation, R. Soc. Open. Sci. 6 (2018) 1-15.
C. Hung, C. Chen, Y. Jhuang, C. Dong, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles: characterization and performance exemplified by the degradation of methylene blue in the presence of persulfate, J. Adv. Oxid. Technol. 19 (2016) 43-51.
L. Yan, S. Li, H. Yu, R. Shan, B. Du, T. Liu, Facile solvothermal synthesis of Fe3O4/bentonite for efficient removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution, Powder Technol 301 (2016) 632-640.
D. Cho, B. Jeon, C. Chon, F.W. Schwartz, Y. Jeong H. Song, Magnetic chitosan composite for adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes in aqueous solution, J Ind Eng Chem 28 (2015) 60-66.
T.Y. Ying, A.A.A. Raman, Bello, M.M.; Buthiyappan, A. Magnetic graphene oxide-biomass activated carbon composite for dye removal, Korean J. Chem. Eng. 37 (2020) 1-16.
C. Modrogan, et al., Modified composite based on magnetite and polyvinyl alcohol: synthesis, characterization, and degradation, studies of the methyl orange dye from synthetic wastewater, Polymers 13 (2021) 1-13.
M. Nakhaei, Z. Barzgari, S.S. Mohammadi, A. Ghazizadeh, Preparation of MnO2/bentonite nanocomposite with enhanced photocatalytic activity under sunlight irradiation, Res. Chem. Intermed. 45 (2019) 4995-5005.
A.A. Taha, M.A. Shreadah, A.M. Ahmed, H.F. Heiba, Multi-component adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) onto Egyptian Na-activated bentonite; equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamics, and application for seawater desalination, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 4 (2016) 1166-1180.
R. Zhu, Q. Chen, Q. Zhou, Y. Xi, J. Zhu, H. He, Adsorbents based on montmorillonite for contaminant removal from water: A review, Appl. Clay Sci. 123 (2016) 239-258.
L. Jiang, Q. Ye, J Chen, Z. Chen, Y. Gu, Preparation of magnetically recoverable bentonite–Fe3O4–MnO2 composite particles for Cd(II) removal from aqueous solutions, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 513 (2018) 748-759.
J. Jiang, J. Zou, L. Zhu, L. Huang, H. Jiang, Y. Zhang, Degradation of methylene blue with H2O2 activated by peroxidase-like Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 11 (2011) 4793-4799.
Y. Fan, F. Zhang, Y. Feng, An effective adsorbent developed from municipal solid waste and coal co-combustion ash for As(V) removal from aqueous solution, J. Hazard. Mater. 59 (2008) 313-318.
M. Fayazi, M.A. Taher, D. Afzali, A. Mostafavi, Fe3O4 and MnO2 assembled on halloysite nanotubes: A highly efficient solid-phase extractant for electrochemical detection of mercury(II) ions, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 228 (2016) 1-9.
R. Juang et al., Synthesis of magnetic Fe3O4/activated carbon nanocomposites with high surface area as recoverable adsorbents, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 90 (2018) 51-60.
M.J. Eskandari, I. Hasanzadeh, Size-controlled synthesis of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles via an alternating magnetic field and ultrasonic-assisted chemical co-precipitation, J. Mater. Sci. Eng. B. 266 (2021) 1-10.
O.M. Lemine, Sol–gel synthesis of 8 nm magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and their magnetic properties, Superlattices Microstruct. 52 (2012) 793-799.
E. Casbeer, V.K. Sharma, X. Li, Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of ferrites under visible light: a review, Sep. Purif. Technol. 87 (2012) 1-14.
M.A.S. Amulya, H.P. Nagawarupa, M.R.A. Kumar, C.R. Ravikumar, S.C. Prashanta, K.B. Kususma, Sonochemical synthesis of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles: characterization and their photocatalytic and electrochemical applications. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1 (2020) 1-10.
Z.Z. Vasiljevic et al. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under natural sunlight using iron titanate nanoparticles prepared by a modified sol–gel method, R. Soc. Open Sci. 7 (2020) 1-14.
R. Lafi, I. Montasser, A. Hafiane, Adsorption of congo red dye from aqueous solutions by prepared activated carbon with oxygen-containing functional groups and its regeneration, Adsorp. Sci. Technol. 37 (2018) 160-181.
S. Yang, C. Ye, X. Song, L. He, F. Liao, Theoretical calculation based synthesis of a poly(p-phenylenediamine)–Fe3O4 composite: a magnetically recyclable photocatalyst with high selectivity for acid dyes, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 54810-54818.
R.V. Solomon, I.S. Lydia, J.P. Merlin, P. Venuvalingam, Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes using nano Fe3O4, J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 9 (2012) 101-109.
Y. Gao, Y. Wang, H. Zhang, Removal of rhodamine B with Fe-supported bentonite as heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst under visible irradiation, Appl. Catal. 178 (2015) 29-36.
A. Mohammadzadeh, M. Khoshghadam-Pireyousefan, B. Shokrianfard-Ravasjan, H. Azadbeh, M. Dibazar, A. Mostafaei, Synergetic photocatalytic effect of high purity ZnO pod shaped nanostructures with H2O2 on methylene blue dye degradation, J. Alloys Compd. 845 (2020) 1-11.
A. Pourzad, H.R. Sobhi, M. Behbahani, A. Esrafili, R.R. Kalantary, M. Kermani, Efficient visible Light-induced photocatalytic removal of paraquat using N-doped TiO2@SiO2@Fe3O4 nanocomposite, J. Mol. Liq 299 (2020) 1-7.
R. Saleh, A. Taufik, Degradation of methylene blue and congo-red dyes using Fenton, photo-Fenton, sono-Fenton, and sonophoto-Fenton methods in the presence of iron (II,III) oxide/zinc oxide/graphene (Fe3O4/ZnO/graphene) composites, Sep. Purif. Technol. 210 (2019) 563-573.
M.G. Kim, J.E. Lee, K.S. Kim, J.M. Kang, J.H. Lee, K.H. Kim, S.G. Lee, Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under UV and visible light by brookite–rutile bi-crystalline phase of TiO2, New J. Chem. 45 (2021) 3485-3497.
X. Yin, L. Liu, F. Ai, Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by WO3 nanoparticles under NIR light irradiation, Front. Chem. 9 (2021) 1-9.
U.O. Bhagwat, J.J. Wu, A.M. Asiri, S. Anandan, Photocatalytic degradation of congo red Using PbTiO3 nanorods synthesized via a sonochemical approach, Chem. Eur. J. 3 (2018) 11851-11858.
N. Ali et al., Photocatalytic degradation of congo red dye from aqueous environment using Cobalt Ferrite nanostructures: development, characterization, and photocatalytic performance, Water Air Soil Pollut. 231 (2020) 1-16.
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