Evaluation of stirring rate and pH on phenolic compounds recovery from palm kernel shell heavy phase bio-oil
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to develop an efficient separation method for phenolic compounds derived from the heavy phase of bio-oil produced by the pyrolysis of palm kernel shell. Two variables were investigated during phenolic compound extraction using dichloromethane, i.e., stirring rate and pH of the solution. In both variables, the composition, yield, and distribution coefficient of the extracted phase were investigated. The results showed that the phenolic compounds' extraction favors high stirring rate and it obtained more results at more acidic conditions (lower pH). The best conditions for phenolic compounds were at 300 rpm of stirring rate and pH 4, which resulted in 77.88 % of yield and a 1.13 distribution of coefficient for the total phenols. The findings of this research will contribute to the better separation of phenolic compounds in bio-oil for improving its fuel characteristics as well as producing value-added chemicals.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright
Open Access authors retain the copyrights of their papers, and all open access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.
While the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate on the date of its going to press, neither the authors, the editors, nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
S. Sumathi, S. P. Chai and A. R. Mohamed, Utilization of oil palm as a source of renewable energy in Malaysia, Renew. Energ. Rev. 12 (2008) 2404-2421.
M. Asadullah, N. S. Ab Rasid, S. A. S. A. Kadir and A. Azdarpour, Production and detailed characterization of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of palm kernel shell, Biomass Bioenergy 59 (2013) 316-324.
M. F. Laborde, V. E. Capdevilla, J. M. Ponce-Ortega, M. C. Gely and A. M. Pagano, Techno-economic analysis of the process in obtaining bioethanol from rice husks and whey, Communications in Science and Technology 7(2) (2022) 154-159.
E. Taer, Apriwandi, F. Hasanah and R. Taslim, Nanofiber-enrich activated carbon coin derived from tofu dregs as electrode materials for supercapacitor, Communications in Science and Technology 6(1) (2021) 41-48.
A. V. Bridgwater, Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading, Biomass Bioenergy 38 (2012) 68-94.
R. Jelita, H. Wijayanti, Jefriadi, The kinetics study of rice husk pyrolysis: comparison of kinetics model, Konversi 7(2) (2018) 35-40.
R. Ahmad, N. Hamidin, U. F. M. Ali and C. Z. A. Abidin, Characterization of bio-oil from palm kernel shell pyrolysis, J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 7 (2014) 1134-1140.
S. Yaman, Pyrolysis of biomass to produce fuels and chemical feedstocks, Energy Convers. Manag. 45 (5) (2004) 651-671.
R. M. Braga, D. M. A. Melo, F. M. Aquino, J. C. O. Freitas, M. A. F. Melo, J. M. F. Barros and M. S. B. Fontes, Characterization and comparative study of pyrolysis kinetics of the rice husk and the elephant grass, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 155 (2014) 1915-1920.
E. Pütün, B. B. Uzun and A. E. Pütün, Fixed-bed catalytic pyrolysis of cotton-seed cake: Effects of pyrolysis temperature, natural zeolite content and sweeping gas flow rate, Bioresour. Technol. 97 (2006) 701-710.
J. -S. Kim, Production, separation and applications of phenolic-rich bio-oil – A review, Bioresour. Technol. 178 (2015) 90-98.
L. F. Zilnik and A. Jazbinsek, Recovery of renewable phenolic fraction from pyrolysis oil, Sep. Purif. Technol. 86 (2012) 157-170.
A. K. Mostafazadeh, O. Solomatnikova, P. Drogui and R. D. Tyagi, A review of recent research and developments in fast pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading, Biomass Convers. Biorefin. 8 (2018) 739-773.
J. Tao, C. Li, J. Li, B. Yan, G. Chen, Z. Cheng, W. Li, F. Lin and L. Hou, Multi-step separation of different chemical groups from the heavy fraction in biomass fast pyrolysis oil, Fuel Process. Technol. 202 (2020) 106366.
J. E. Omoriyekomwan, A. Tahmasebi and J. Yu, Production of phenol-rich bio-oil during catalytic fixed-bed and microwave pyrolysis of palm kernel shell, Bioresour. Technol. 207 (2016) 188-196.
J. -S. Kim, S. -H. Jung and J. –S. Kim, Fast pyrolysis of palm kernel shells: influence of operation parameters on the bio-oil yield and the yield of phenol and phenolic compounds, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 9294-9300.
S. M. Abdul Aziz, R. Wahi, Z. Ngaini and S. Hamdan, Bio-oils from microwave pyrolysis of agricultural wastes, Fuel Process. Technol. 106 (2013) 744-750.
L. A. B. Ribeiro, R. C. Martins, J. M. Mesa-Perez and Bizzo, Study of bio-oil properties and ageing through fractionation and ternary mixtures with the heavy fraction as the main component, Energy 169 (2019) 344-355.
S. Wang, Y. Wang, Q. Cai, X. Wang, H. Jin and Z. Luo, Multi-step separation of monophenols and pyrolytic lignins from the water-insoluble phase of bio-oil, Sep. Purif. Technol. 122 (2014) 248-255.
M. R. Rover, P. A. Johnson, L. E. Whitmer, R. G. Smith and R. C. Brown, The effect of pyrolysis temperature on recovery of bio-oil as distinctive stage fractions, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 105 (2014) 262-268.
B. Ma and F. A. Agblevor, Polarity-based separation and chemical characterization of fast pyrolysis bio-oil from poultry litter, Biomass Bioenergy 64 (2014) 337-347.
B. Ma and F. A. Agblevor, Separation and hydroprocessing of HZSM-5 catalytic olive mill waste sludge bio-oil, Energy Fuels 30 (2016) 10524-10533.
H. Wijayanti, R. Jelita, I. F. Nata and C. Irawan, Biofuel from rice husk pyrolysis: effect of temperature to pyrolysis oil and its kinetic study, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 39 (6) (2020) 271-279.
D. S. Fardhyanti, Megawati, A. Chafidz, H. Prasetiawan, P. T. Raharjo, U. Habibah and A. E. Abasaeed, Production of bio-oil from sugarcane bagasse by fast pyrolysis and removal of phenolic compounds, Biomass Convers. Biorefin (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02527-9
C. R. Vitasari, G. W. Meindersma and A. B. de Haan, Water extraction of pyrolysis oil: the first step for the recovery of renewable chemicals, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 7204-7210.
S. Ren, X. P. Ye and A. P. Borole, Separation of chemical groups from bio-oil water-extract via sequential organic solvent extraction, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 123 (2017) 30-39.
J. Yanik, C. Kornmayer, M. Saglam and M. Yuksel, Fast pyrolysis of agricultural wastes: Characterization of pyrolysis products, Fuel Process. Technol. 88 (2007) 942-947.
T. Yuan, A. Tahmasebi and J. Yu, Comparative study on pyrolysis of lignocellulosic and algal biomass using a thermogravimetric and a fixed-bed reactor, Bioresour. Technol. 175 (2015) 333-341.
S. V. Mantilla, A. M. Manrique and P. Gauthier-Maradei, Methodology for extraction of phenolic compounds of bio-oil from agricultural biomass waste, Waste Biomass Valori. 6 (2015) 371-383.
B. Hosseinzaei, M. J. Hadianfard, B. Aghabarari, M. Garcia-Rollan, R. Ruiz-Rosas,J. M. Rosas, J. Rodriguez-Mirasol and T. Cordero, Pyrolysis of pistachio shell, orange peel and saffron petals for bioenergy production, Bioresour. Technol. Rep. 19 (2022) 101209.
R. Lou, S. Wu and G. Lyu, Quantified monophenols in the bio-oil derived from lignin fast pyrolysis, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 111 (2015) 27-32.
O. D. Mante, S. J. Thompson, M. Soukri and D. C. Dayton, A selective extraction method for recovery of monofunctional methoxyphenols from biomass pyrolysis liquids, Green Chem. 21 (2019) 2257-2265.
D. Franco, M. Pinelo, J. Sineiro and M. J. Nunez, Processing of Rosa rubiginosa: extraction of oil and antioxidant substances, Bioresour. Technol. 98 (18) (2007) 3506-3512.
D. C. Greminger, G. P. Burns, S. Lynn, D. N. Hanson and C. J. King, Solvent extraction of phenols from water, In. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 21 (1982) 51-54.
V. Badgujar and N. K. Rastogi, Extraction of phenol from aqueous effluent using triglycerides in supported liquid membrane, Desalin. Water Treat. 36 (2011) 187-196.