Study of green and sustainable heterogeneous catalyst produced from Javanese Moringa oleifera leaf ash for the transesterification of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil
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Keywords:
Biodiesel, Calophyllum inophyllum, Moringa oleifera, transesterification
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Abstract
The transesterification of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil into biodiesel using Javanese Moringa oleifera leaf ash catalyst with various reaction conditions has been completed. MA-500 (Moringa ash at 500°C for 3 h) and MA-900 (Moringa ash at 900°C for 3 h) catalysts were obtained by grinding Javanese old Moringa oleifera leaf (MP) and then calcined for 3 h at 500 and 900°C. The crude Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil was degummed (OD) prior to continue the esterification process (ODE). The MA-500 and MA-900 catalysts were tested for their activity and selectivity through the ODE transesterification with various catalyst weights (3, 6, and 9% (w/w)), reaction temperature (55, 60, and 65°C), oil: methanol mole ratio (1:3, 1:6, and 1:9), and reaction time (60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes). The results showed that the MA-500 and MA-900 catalysts contained 18.17% and 52.91% Ca respectively. The esterification reaction could reduce FFA levels to 89.82%, from 19.46% to 1.98%. ODE transesterification with MA-900 catalyst optimum reaction conditions with a catalyst weight of 3%, reaction temperature of 60°C, oil: methanol mole ratio of 1:9, and reaction time of 120 min, 76.17% FAME yield was observed. The MA-900 catalyst has the potential to be an effective green catalyst.
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Ramdhani, D. A., Wega Trisunaryanti, & Triyono. (2023). Study of green and sustainable heterogeneous catalyst produced from Javanese Moringa oleifera leaf ash for the transesterification of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil. Communications in Science and Technology, 8(2), 124-133. https://doi.org/10.21924/cst.8.2.2023.1202
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9. L. Pratama, Y. Yoeswono, T. Triyono and I. Tahir, Effect of Temperature and Speed of Stirrer to Biodiesel Conversion from Coconut Oil with the use of Palm Empty Fruit Bunches as a Heterogeneous Catalyst, Indonesia. J. Chem. 9 (2010) 54-61.
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13. N. S.M. Alias, H. Veny, F. Hamzah and N. Aziz, Effect of Free Fatty Acid Pretreatment to Yield, Composition and Activation Energy in Chemical Synthesis of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, Indonesia. J. Chem. 19 (2019) 592-598.
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15. J. M. Marchetti, V. U. Miguel and A. F. Errazu, Techno-Economic Study of Different Alternatives for Biodiesel Production, Fuel Process. Technol. 89 (2008) 740-748.
16. R. A. Pratika, K. Wijaya and W. Trisunaryanti, Hydrothermal Treatment of SO4/TiO2 and TiO2/CaO as Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Conversion of Jastropha Oil into Biodiesel, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9 (2021) 106547.
17. B. Leksono, R. L. Hendrati, E. Windyarini and T. Hasnah, Variation in Biofuel Potential of Twelve Calophyllum inophyllum Populations in Indonesia, Indonesia. J. For. Res. 1 (2014) 127-138.
18. P. Mardina, H. Wijayanti, A. Tuhuloula, E. Hijriyati and S. Sarifah, Corncob Residue as Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst for Green Synthesis of Biodiesel: A Short Review, Commun. Sci. Technol. 6 (2021) 60-68.
19. A. S. Yusuff, K. S. Thompson-Yusuff and A. I. Igbafe, Synthesis of Biodiesel via Methanolysis of Waste Frying Oil by Biowaste-Derived Catalyst: Process Optimization and Biodiesel Blends Characterization, Biomass Convers. Biorefin. (2022) 1-12.
20. B. Basumatary, S. Basumatary, B. Das, B. Nath and P. Kalita, Waste Musa paradisiaca Plant: An Efficient Heterogeneous Base Catalyst for Fast Production of Biodiesel, J. Cleaner Prod. 305 (2021) 127089.
21. N. Nakatani, H. Takamori, K. Takeda and H. Sakugawa, Transesterification of Soybean Oil using Combusted Oyster Shell Waste as a Catalyst, Bioresour. Technol. 100 (2009) 510-513.
22. A. Bancessi, Q. Bancessi, A. Blade and L. Catarino, Present and Potential uses of Moringa oleifera as a Multipurpose Plant in Guinea-Bissau, S. Afr. J. Bot. 129 (2020) 206-208.
23. A. T. Oyeyinka and S. A. Oyeyinka, Moringa oleifera as a Food Fortificant: Recent Trends and Prospects, J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. 17 (2018) 127-136.
24. Department of Health, Nutrient Analysis of Fruit and Vegetables: Summary Report, 2013, England.
25. V. Kalaiselvi, R. Mathammal, S. Vijayakumar and B. Vaseeharan, Microwave Assisted Green Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Nanorods using Moringa oleifera Flower Extract and Its Antimicrobial Applications, Int J Vet Sci Med. 6 (2018) 286-295.
26. W. Roschat, T. Siritanon, B. Yoosuk and V. Promarak, Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil using Hydrated Lime-Derived CaO as a Low-Cost Basic Heterogeneous Catalyst, Energy Convers. Manage. 108 (2016) 459-467.
27. R. Rasyid, A. Prihartantyo, M. Mahfud and A. Roesyadi, Hydrocracking of Calophyllum inophyllum Oil with Non-Sulfide CoMo Catalysts, BCREC. 10 (2015) 61–69.
28. N. Shibasaki-Kitakawa, H. Honda, H. Kuribayashi, T. Toda, T. Fukumura and T. Yonemoto, Biodiesel Production using Anionic Ion-Exchange Resin as Heterogeneous Catalyst, Bioresource. Technol. 98 (2007) 416-421.
29. Hartati, W. Trisunaryanti, R. R. Mukti, I. A. Kartika, P. B. D. Firda, S. D. Sumbogo SD et al, Highly Selective Hierarchical ZSM-5 from Kaolin for Catalytic Cracking of Calophyllum inophyllum Oil to Biofuel, J. Energy Inst. 93 (2020). 2238-2246.
30. A. Demirbas, A. Bafail and M. Sheikh, Biodiesel Production from Non-Edible Plant Oils. Energy Explor, Exploit. 34 (2016) 290-218.
31. W. Trisunaryanti, K. Wijaya, T. Triyono, A. R. Adriani and S. Larasati, Green Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous Carbon Prepared from Coconut Lumber Sawdust as Ni-based Catalyst Support for Hydrotreating Calophyllum inophyllum Oil, Results Eng. 11 (2021) 100258.
32. Y. Luo, Z. Mei, N. Liu, H. Wang, C. Han and S. He, Synthesis of Mesoporous Sulfated Zirconia Nanoparticles with High Surface Area and Their Applies for Biodiesel Production as Effective Catalysts, Catal. Today. 298 (2017) 99-108.
33. N. K. Erliyanti, A. K. Sari, A. Chumaidi, R. R. Yogaswara and E. A. Saputro, Transesterificatiom of Biodiesel from Kapok Seed Oil (Ceiba pentandra), Konversi. 10 (2021) 102-108.
34. M. Farooq, A. Ramli and D. Subbarao, Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil using Bifunctional Heterogeneous Solid Catalysts, J. Clean. Prod. 59 (2013) 131-140.
35. Taslim, O. Bani, Iriany, S. Lestari and L. Ginting, Biodiesel Production using Heterogeneous Catalyst Based on Volcanic Ash of Mount Sinabung, AIP Conf. Proc. 1 (2019). 1-7.
36. A. E. Atabani, A. S. Silitonga, T. M. I. Mahlia, H. H. Masjuki and I. A. Badrudin, Calophyllum inophyllum L. as a Potential Feedstock for Biodiesel Production. Thesis, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 2019.
37. M. Galvan-Ruiz, J. Hernandez, L. Banos, J. Noriega-Montes and M. E. Rodriguez-Gracia, Characterization of Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Oxide, and Calcium Hydroxide as Starting Point to the Improvement of Lime for Their use in Construction, J. of Mat. In Civil Eng. 21 (2009) 694-98.
38. Ojumu, Development of a Novel Mesoporous Biocatalyst Derived from Kola Nut Pod Husk for Conversion of Kariya Seed Oil to Methyl Esters: A case of Synthesis Modeling and Optimization Studies, Catal Lett. 149 (2019) 1772-687.
39. A. B. D. Nandiyanto, R. Oktiani and R. Rgadhita, How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic Material, Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology. 4 (2019) 97-118.
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