Efficient removal of amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline from aqueous solution by Cu-Bi2O3 synthesized using precipitation-assisted-microwave
Article Sidebar
Keywords:
Bismuth oxide, antibiotics, photocatalyst, Cu, degradation
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of Cu-Bi2O3 for degradation of antibiotics AMX, CIP, and TC using precipitation-assisted-microwave method at varying concentrations of Cu at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%. The effect of Cu concentration on the structural, morphological, and optical properties were studied by XRD, UV-Vis, and SEM-EDX. The optimal results were obtained by adding 4% Cu to the Bi2O3 matrix. With an energy band gap of 2.32 eV, a crystal size of 37.04 nm, and ?-Bi2O3 and CuBi2O4 phases. The removal efficiency of each antibiotic using the photocatalytic method varies, with AMX at 52.06%, CIP at 61.72%, and TC at 69.44%. Cu-Bi2O3 degraded TC-type antibiotics more rapidly. The high removal efficiency and rapid reaction rate indicate that Cu-Bi2O3 is an effective antibiotic removal agent. This further confirms the fact that the addition of Cu to Bi2O3 material can increase its ability to degrade antibiotics more effective.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
How to Cite
Sa’adah, F., Sutanto, H., Hadiyanto, H., & Alkian, I. (2024). Efficient removal of amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline from aqueous solution by Cu-Bi2O3 synthesized using precipitation-assisted-microwave. Communications in Science and Technology, 9(1), 170-178. https://doi.org/10.21924/cst.9.1.2024.1444
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright
Open Access authors retain the copyrights of their papers, and all open access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.
While the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate on the date of its going to press, neither the authors, the editors, nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
1. I. Kurniawan, S. Nasir, Hermansyah, and Mardiyanto, The screening of potential antibiotics from hospital wastewater in tropical region (case study at Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia), Pollut. Res. 36 (2017) 343–351.
2. I. Kurniawan, I. Kurniawan, P. Dian, and A. Huda, The Relationship between the Level of Antibiotic Use in Hospitals and the Potential for Antibiotic Contamination in Public Waters, (2019) 165–173.
3. A. Shimizu et al., Ubiquitous occurrence of sulfonamides in tropical Asian waters, Sci. Total Environ. 452–453 (2013) 108–115.
4. M. Östman, R. H. Lindberg, J. Fick, E. Björn, and M. Tysklind, Screening of biocides, metals and antibiotics in Swedish sewage sludge and wastewater, Water Res. 115 (2017) 318–328.
5. J. Fick, H. Söderström, R. H. Lindberg, C. Phan, M. Tysklind, and D. G. J. Larsson, Contamination of surface, ground, and drinking water from pharmaceutical production, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 28 (12)(2009) 2522–2527.
6. T. Yang et al., Enhanced photocatalytic ozonation degradation of organic pollutants by ZnO modified TiO2 nanocomposites, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 221 (2018) 223–234.
7. J. Ding, Z. Dai, F. Qin, H. Zhao, S. Zhao, and R. Chen, Z-scheme BiO1-xBr/Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst with rich oxygen vacancy as electron mediator for highly efficient degradation of antibiotics, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 205 (2017) 281–291.
8. R. Kafaei et al., Occurrence, distribution, and potential sources of antibiotics pollution in the water-sediment of the northern coastline of the Persian Gulf, Iran, Sci. Total Environ.. 627 (2018) 703–712.
9. M. Pan and L. M. Chu, Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in soils from wastewater irrigation areas in the Pearl River Delta region, southern China, Sci. Total Environ.. 624 (2018) 145–152.
10. T. X. Wang, H. P. Liang, D. A. Anito, X. Ding, and B. H. Han, Emerging applications of porous organic polymers in visible-light photocatalysis, J. Mater. Chem. A. 8 (2020) 7003–7034.
11. N. Czekalski, T. Berthold, S. Caucci, A. Egli, and H. Bürgmann, Increased levels of multiresistant bacteria and resistance genes after wastewater treatment and their dissemination into Lake Geneva, Switzerland, Front. Microbiol. 3 (2012) 1–18.
12. P. Semeraro et al., Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline by zno/?-fe2o3 paramagnetic nanocomposite material, Nanomaterials 10 (2020) 1–12.
13. G. Li, T. Yan, H. Zhao, and D. Liu, Effective removal of nitroimidazole antibiotics in aqueous solution by an aluminum-based metal-organic framework: Performance and mechanistic studies, J. Solid State Chem. 317 (2023) 131932
14. S. Wu, H. Hu, Y. Lin, J. Zhang, and Y. H. Hu, Visible light photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline over TiO2, Chemical Engineering Journal 382 (2020).
15. A. Gupta and A. Garg, Degradation of ciprofloxacin using Fenton’s oxidation: Effect of operating parameters, identification of oxidized by-products and toxicity assessment, Chemosphere 193 (2018) 1181–1188.
16. X. Zhang, W. Guo, H. H. Ngo, H. Wen, N. Li, and W. Wu, Performance evaluation of powdered activated carbon for removing 28 types of antibiotics from water, J. Environ. Manage. 172 (2016) 193–200.
17. T. Saitoh, K. Shibata, K. Fujimori, and Y. Ohtani, Rapid removal of tetracycline antibiotics from water by coagulation-flotation of sodium dodecyl sulfate and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) in the presence of Al(III) ions, Sep. Purif. Technol. 187 (2017) 76–83.
18. I. Senta, S. Terzic, and M. Ahel, Occurrence and fate of dissolved and particulate antimicrobials in municipal wastewater treatment, Water Res. 47 (2012) 705-714.
19. L. Feng, M. E. Casas, L. D. M. Ottosen, H. B. Møller, and K. Bester, Removal of antibiotics during the anaerobic digestion of pig manure, Sci. Total Environ. 603 (2017) 219-225.
20. E. Shang, Y. Li, J. Niu, S. Li, G. Zhang, and X. Wang, Photocatalytic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid over Pb-BiFeO3/rGO catalyst: Kinetics and mechanism, Chemosphere 211 (2018) 34-43.
21. Y. Yang et al., Recent advances in application of graphitic carbon nitride-based catalysts for degrading organic contaminants in water through advanced oxidation processes beyond photocatalysis: A critical review, Water Research 184 (2020).
22. Y. M. Hunge, A. A. Yadav, S.-W. Kang, and H. Kim, Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotics using hydrothermally synthesized two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide/titanium dioxide composites, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 606 (2022) 454-463.
23. S. Li, Z. Wang, X. Zhao, X. Yang, G. Liang, and X. Xie, Insight into enhanced carbamazepine photodegradation over biochar-based magnetic photocatalyst Fe3O4/BiOBr/BC under visible LED light irradiation, Chemical Engineering Journal 360 (2019) 600-611.
24. E. Márquez Brazón, C. Piccirillo, I. S. Moreira, and P. M. L. Castro, Photodegradation of pharmaceutical persistent pollutants using hydroxyapatite-based materials, Journal of Environmental Management 182 (2016) 486-495.
25. J. Wang and R. Zhuan, Degradation of antibiotics by advanced oxidation processes: An overview, Sci. Total Environ. 701 (2020) 1350123.
26. F. Sa’adah, H. Sutanto, and Hadiyanto, Optimization of the Bi2O3/Cu synthesis process using response surface methodology as a tetracycline photodegradation agent, Results In Engineering 16 (2022) 100521.
27. X. Bai, W. Chen, B. Wang, T. Sun, B. Wu, and Y. Wang, Photocatalytic Degradation of Some Typical Antibiotics: Recent Advances and Future Outlooks, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 (2022).
28. V. Thakur et al., Photocatalytic behaviors of bismuth-based mixed oxides: Types, fabrication techniques and mineralization mechanism of antibiotics, Chem. Eng. J. 475 (2023) 146100.
29. P. L. Koo, Z. Y. Choong, C. He, Y. Bao, N. F. Jaafar, and W. Da Oh, Effect of metal doping (Me = Zn, Cu, Co, Mn) on the performance of bismuth ferrite as peroxymonosulfate activator for ciprofloxacin removal, Chemosphere 318 (2023) 137915.
30. B. A. Utami, H. Sutanto, I. Alkian, F. Sa’Adah, and E. Hidayanto, Efficient degradation of amoxicillin using Bi2O3/Fe synthesized by microwave-assisted precipitation method, Cogent Eng. 9 (2022).
31. S. Singh and R. Sharma, Bi2O3/Ni-Bi2O3 system obtained via Ni-doping for enhanced PEC and photocatalytic activity supported by DFT and experimental study, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 186 (2018) 208-216.
32. G. Viruthagiri, P. Kannan, and N. Shanmugam, Photocatalytic rendition of Zn2+-doped Bi2O3 nanoparticles, Photonics Nanostructures - Fundam. Appl. 32 (2018) 35-41.
33. W. Zhang, S. Gao, and D. Chen, Preparation of Ce3+ doped Bi2O3 hollow needle-shape with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity, J. Rare Earths 37 (2019) 726-731.
34. J. Wang et al., One-step fabrication of Cu-doped Bi2MoO6 microflower for enhancing performance in photocatalytic nitrogen fixation, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 638 (2023) 427-438.
35. M. Matouq, T. Tagawa, and N. Susumu, High frequency ultrasound waves for degradation of amoxicillin in the presence of hydrogen peroxides for industrial pharmaceutical wastewater treatment, Glob. Nest J. 16 (2014) 805-813.
36. M. Hassan et al., Effect of the C/N ratio on biodegradation of ciprofloxacin and denitrification from low C/N wastewater as assessed by a novel 3D-BER system, Sustainable 12 (2020) 1-19.
37. P. Zhang, Y. Li, Y. Cao, and L. Han, Characteristics of tetracycline adsorption by cow manure biochar prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures, Bioresour. Technol. 285 (2019) 121348.
38. F. Riyanti, H. Hasanudin, A. Rachmat, W. Purwaningrum, and P. L. Hariani, Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and Congo red dyes from aqueous solutions by bentonite-Fe3O4 magnetic, Commun. Sci. Technology 8 (2023) 1-9.
39. W. Qin, J. Qi, and X. Wu, Photocatalytic property of Cu2+-doped Bi2O3 films under visible light prepared by the sol–gel method, Vacuum 107 (2014) 204-207.
40. V. Dutta et al., Recent progress on bismuth-based Z-scheme semiconductor photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 8 (2020).
41. I. Manouchehri, D. Mehrparvar, R. Moradian, K. Gholami, and T. Osati, Investigation of structural and optical properties of copper doped NiO thin films deposited by RF magnetron reactive sputtering, Optik 127 (2016) 8124-8129.
42. S. Mani Menaka, G. Umadevi, and M. Manickam, Effect of copper concentration on the physical properties of copper doped NiO thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis, Mater. Chem. Phys. 191 (2017) 181-187.
43. S. Labib, Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic properties of doped and undoped Bi2O3 Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic properties of doped and undoped Bi2O3, J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 21 (2017) 664-672.
44. X. Wang et al., The influence of crystallite size and crystallinity of anatase nanoparticles on the photo-degradation of phenol, J. Catalysis 310 (2014) 100-108.
45. M. Sarani et al., Green synthesis of Ag and Cu-doped Bismuth oxide nanoparticles: Revealing synergistic antimicrobial and selective cytotoxic potentials for biomedical advancements, J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 81 (2023) 127325.
46. R. T. Nuaman and Huda Saadi Ali, Study of the structural and optical properties of Bi2O3:Cu Thin FIlms as a Function of Different Doped Ratios, Math. Statictician Eng. Appl. 71 (2022) 1306-1315.
47. A. Sharma, A. Mittal, S. Sharma, K. Kumari, S. Maken, and N. Kumar, Cu2+-doped ?–? phase heterojunctions in Bi2O3 nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic dye rhodamine B, Appl. Nanoscience 12 (2022) 151-164.
48. A. Sharma, M. Varshney, H. J. Shin, B. H. Lee, K. H. Chae, and S. O. Won, Effect of Cu insertion on structural, local electronic/atomic structure and photocatalyst properties of TiO2, ZnO and Ni(OH)2 nanostructures, Mater. Chem. Phys.191 (2017) 129-144.
49. M. T. M. H. Hamad and M. E. El-Sesy, Adsorptive removal of levofloxacin and antibiotic resistance genes from hospital wastewater by nano-zero-valent iron and nano-copper using kinetic studies and response surface methodology, Bioresour. Bioprocess 10 (2023) 1-29.
50. D. Weerakoon et al., A critical review on current urea removal technologies from water: An approach for pollution prevention and resource recovery, Sep. Purif. Technol. 314 (2023) 123652.
51. X. Zhang, T. Bhattacharya, C. Wang, A. Kumar, and P. V. Nidheesh, Straw-derived biochar for the removal of antibiotics from water: Adsorption and degradation mechanisms, recent advancements and challenges, Environmental Research 237 (2023) 116998.
52 R. Delli Compagni et al., Modeling tools for risk management in reclaimed wastewater reuse systems: Focus on contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), in Advances in Chemical Pollution, Environmental Management and Protection 6 (2020) 181-220.
53. J. Zambrano, P. A. García-Encina, J. J. Jiménez, R. López-Serna, and R. Irusta-Mata, Photolytic and photocatalytic removal of a mixture of four veterinary antibiotics, J. Water Process Eng. 48 (2022).
54. I. Anastopoulos et al., Removal of caffeine, nicotine and amoxicillin from (waste)waters by various adsorbents. A review, Journal of Environmental Management 261 (2020).
55. K. Poole, At the Nexus of Antibiotics and Metals: The Impact of Cu and Zn on Antibiotic Activity and Resistance, Trends Microbiol. 25 (2017) 820-823.
56. Y. Qu, X. Xu, R. Huang, W. Qi, R. Su, and Z. He, Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics in water over functionalized N,S-doped carbon quantum dots embedded ZnO nanoflowers under sunlight irradiation, Chemical Engineering Journal 382 (2020).
2. I. Kurniawan, I. Kurniawan, P. Dian, and A. Huda, The Relationship between the Level of Antibiotic Use in Hospitals and the Potential for Antibiotic Contamination in Public Waters, (2019) 165–173.
3. A. Shimizu et al., Ubiquitous occurrence of sulfonamides in tropical Asian waters, Sci. Total Environ. 452–453 (2013) 108–115.
4. M. Östman, R. H. Lindberg, J. Fick, E. Björn, and M. Tysklind, Screening of biocides, metals and antibiotics in Swedish sewage sludge and wastewater, Water Res. 115 (2017) 318–328.
5. J. Fick, H. Söderström, R. H. Lindberg, C. Phan, M. Tysklind, and D. G. J. Larsson, Contamination of surface, ground, and drinking water from pharmaceutical production, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 28 (12)(2009) 2522–2527.
6. T. Yang et al., Enhanced photocatalytic ozonation degradation of organic pollutants by ZnO modified TiO2 nanocomposites, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 221 (2018) 223–234.
7. J. Ding, Z. Dai, F. Qin, H. Zhao, S. Zhao, and R. Chen, Z-scheme BiO1-xBr/Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst with rich oxygen vacancy as electron mediator for highly efficient degradation of antibiotics, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 205 (2017) 281–291.
8. R. Kafaei et al., Occurrence, distribution, and potential sources of antibiotics pollution in the water-sediment of the northern coastline of the Persian Gulf, Iran, Sci. Total Environ.. 627 (2018) 703–712.
9. M. Pan and L. M. Chu, Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in soils from wastewater irrigation areas in the Pearl River Delta region, southern China, Sci. Total Environ.. 624 (2018) 145–152.
10. T. X. Wang, H. P. Liang, D. A. Anito, X. Ding, and B. H. Han, Emerging applications of porous organic polymers in visible-light photocatalysis, J. Mater. Chem. A. 8 (2020) 7003–7034.
11. N. Czekalski, T. Berthold, S. Caucci, A. Egli, and H. Bürgmann, Increased levels of multiresistant bacteria and resistance genes after wastewater treatment and their dissemination into Lake Geneva, Switzerland, Front. Microbiol. 3 (2012) 1–18.
12. P. Semeraro et al., Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline by zno/?-fe2o3 paramagnetic nanocomposite material, Nanomaterials 10 (2020) 1–12.
13. G. Li, T. Yan, H. Zhao, and D. Liu, Effective removal of nitroimidazole antibiotics in aqueous solution by an aluminum-based metal-organic framework: Performance and mechanistic studies, J. Solid State Chem. 317 (2023) 131932
14. S. Wu, H. Hu, Y. Lin, J. Zhang, and Y. H. Hu, Visible light photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline over TiO2, Chemical Engineering Journal 382 (2020).
15. A. Gupta and A. Garg, Degradation of ciprofloxacin using Fenton’s oxidation: Effect of operating parameters, identification of oxidized by-products and toxicity assessment, Chemosphere 193 (2018) 1181–1188.
16. X. Zhang, W. Guo, H. H. Ngo, H. Wen, N. Li, and W. Wu, Performance evaluation of powdered activated carbon for removing 28 types of antibiotics from water, J. Environ. Manage. 172 (2016) 193–200.
17. T. Saitoh, K. Shibata, K. Fujimori, and Y. Ohtani, Rapid removal of tetracycline antibiotics from water by coagulation-flotation of sodium dodecyl sulfate and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) in the presence of Al(III) ions, Sep. Purif. Technol. 187 (2017) 76–83.
18. I. Senta, S. Terzic, and M. Ahel, Occurrence and fate of dissolved and particulate antimicrobials in municipal wastewater treatment, Water Res. 47 (2012) 705-714.
19. L. Feng, M. E. Casas, L. D. M. Ottosen, H. B. Møller, and K. Bester, Removal of antibiotics during the anaerobic digestion of pig manure, Sci. Total Environ. 603 (2017) 219-225.
20. E. Shang, Y. Li, J. Niu, S. Li, G. Zhang, and X. Wang, Photocatalytic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid over Pb-BiFeO3/rGO catalyst: Kinetics and mechanism, Chemosphere 211 (2018) 34-43.
21. Y. Yang et al., Recent advances in application of graphitic carbon nitride-based catalysts for degrading organic contaminants in water through advanced oxidation processes beyond photocatalysis: A critical review, Water Research 184 (2020).
22. Y. M. Hunge, A. A. Yadav, S.-W. Kang, and H. Kim, Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotics using hydrothermally synthesized two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide/titanium dioxide composites, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 606 (2022) 454-463.
23. S. Li, Z. Wang, X. Zhao, X. Yang, G. Liang, and X. Xie, Insight into enhanced carbamazepine photodegradation over biochar-based magnetic photocatalyst Fe3O4/BiOBr/BC under visible LED light irradiation, Chemical Engineering Journal 360 (2019) 600-611.
24. E. Márquez Brazón, C. Piccirillo, I. S. Moreira, and P. M. L. Castro, Photodegradation of pharmaceutical persistent pollutants using hydroxyapatite-based materials, Journal of Environmental Management 182 (2016) 486-495.
25. J. Wang and R. Zhuan, Degradation of antibiotics by advanced oxidation processes: An overview, Sci. Total Environ. 701 (2020) 1350123.
26. F. Sa’adah, H. Sutanto, and Hadiyanto, Optimization of the Bi2O3/Cu synthesis process using response surface methodology as a tetracycline photodegradation agent, Results In Engineering 16 (2022) 100521.
27. X. Bai, W. Chen, B. Wang, T. Sun, B. Wu, and Y. Wang, Photocatalytic Degradation of Some Typical Antibiotics: Recent Advances and Future Outlooks, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 (2022).
28. V. Thakur et al., Photocatalytic behaviors of bismuth-based mixed oxides: Types, fabrication techniques and mineralization mechanism of antibiotics, Chem. Eng. J. 475 (2023) 146100.
29. P. L. Koo, Z. Y. Choong, C. He, Y. Bao, N. F. Jaafar, and W. Da Oh, Effect of metal doping (Me = Zn, Cu, Co, Mn) on the performance of bismuth ferrite as peroxymonosulfate activator for ciprofloxacin removal, Chemosphere 318 (2023) 137915.
30. B. A. Utami, H. Sutanto, I. Alkian, F. Sa’Adah, and E. Hidayanto, Efficient degradation of amoxicillin using Bi2O3/Fe synthesized by microwave-assisted precipitation method, Cogent Eng. 9 (2022).
31. S. Singh and R. Sharma, Bi2O3/Ni-Bi2O3 system obtained via Ni-doping for enhanced PEC and photocatalytic activity supported by DFT and experimental study, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 186 (2018) 208-216.
32. G. Viruthagiri, P. Kannan, and N. Shanmugam, Photocatalytic rendition of Zn2+-doped Bi2O3 nanoparticles, Photonics Nanostructures - Fundam. Appl. 32 (2018) 35-41.
33. W. Zhang, S. Gao, and D. Chen, Preparation of Ce3+ doped Bi2O3 hollow needle-shape with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity, J. Rare Earths 37 (2019) 726-731.
34. J. Wang et al., One-step fabrication of Cu-doped Bi2MoO6 microflower for enhancing performance in photocatalytic nitrogen fixation, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 638 (2023) 427-438.
35. M. Matouq, T. Tagawa, and N. Susumu, High frequency ultrasound waves for degradation of amoxicillin in the presence of hydrogen peroxides for industrial pharmaceutical wastewater treatment, Glob. Nest J. 16 (2014) 805-813.
36. M. Hassan et al., Effect of the C/N ratio on biodegradation of ciprofloxacin and denitrification from low C/N wastewater as assessed by a novel 3D-BER system, Sustainable 12 (2020) 1-19.
37. P. Zhang, Y. Li, Y. Cao, and L. Han, Characteristics of tetracycline adsorption by cow manure biochar prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures, Bioresour. Technol. 285 (2019) 121348.
38. F. Riyanti, H. Hasanudin, A. Rachmat, W. Purwaningrum, and P. L. Hariani, Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and Congo red dyes from aqueous solutions by bentonite-Fe3O4 magnetic, Commun. Sci. Technology 8 (2023) 1-9.
39. W. Qin, J. Qi, and X. Wu, Photocatalytic property of Cu2+-doped Bi2O3 films under visible light prepared by the sol–gel method, Vacuum 107 (2014) 204-207.
40. V. Dutta et al., Recent progress on bismuth-based Z-scheme semiconductor photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 8 (2020).
41. I. Manouchehri, D. Mehrparvar, R. Moradian, K. Gholami, and T. Osati, Investigation of structural and optical properties of copper doped NiO thin films deposited by RF magnetron reactive sputtering, Optik 127 (2016) 8124-8129.
42. S. Mani Menaka, G. Umadevi, and M. Manickam, Effect of copper concentration on the physical properties of copper doped NiO thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis, Mater. Chem. Phys. 191 (2017) 181-187.
43. S. Labib, Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic properties of doped and undoped Bi2O3 Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic properties of doped and undoped Bi2O3, J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 21 (2017) 664-672.
44. X. Wang et al., The influence of crystallite size and crystallinity of anatase nanoparticles on the photo-degradation of phenol, J. Catalysis 310 (2014) 100-108.
45. M. Sarani et al., Green synthesis of Ag and Cu-doped Bismuth oxide nanoparticles: Revealing synergistic antimicrobial and selective cytotoxic potentials for biomedical advancements, J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 81 (2023) 127325.
46. R. T. Nuaman and Huda Saadi Ali, Study of the structural and optical properties of Bi2O3:Cu Thin FIlms as a Function of Different Doped Ratios, Math. Statictician Eng. Appl. 71 (2022) 1306-1315.
47. A. Sharma, A. Mittal, S. Sharma, K. Kumari, S. Maken, and N. Kumar, Cu2+-doped ?–? phase heterojunctions in Bi2O3 nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic dye rhodamine B, Appl. Nanoscience 12 (2022) 151-164.
48. A. Sharma, M. Varshney, H. J. Shin, B. H. Lee, K. H. Chae, and S. O. Won, Effect of Cu insertion on structural, local electronic/atomic structure and photocatalyst properties of TiO2, ZnO and Ni(OH)2 nanostructures, Mater. Chem. Phys.191 (2017) 129-144.
49. M. T. M. H. Hamad and M. E. El-Sesy, Adsorptive removal of levofloxacin and antibiotic resistance genes from hospital wastewater by nano-zero-valent iron and nano-copper using kinetic studies and response surface methodology, Bioresour. Bioprocess 10 (2023) 1-29.
50. D. Weerakoon et al., A critical review on current urea removal technologies from water: An approach for pollution prevention and resource recovery, Sep. Purif. Technol. 314 (2023) 123652.
51. X. Zhang, T. Bhattacharya, C. Wang, A. Kumar, and P. V. Nidheesh, Straw-derived biochar for the removal of antibiotics from water: Adsorption and degradation mechanisms, recent advancements and challenges, Environmental Research 237 (2023) 116998.
52 R. Delli Compagni et al., Modeling tools for risk management in reclaimed wastewater reuse systems: Focus on contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), in Advances in Chemical Pollution, Environmental Management and Protection 6 (2020) 181-220.
53. J. Zambrano, P. A. García-Encina, J. J. Jiménez, R. López-Serna, and R. Irusta-Mata, Photolytic and photocatalytic removal of a mixture of four veterinary antibiotics, J. Water Process Eng. 48 (2022).
54. I. Anastopoulos et al., Removal of caffeine, nicotine and amoxicillin from (waste)waters by various adsorbents. A review, Journal of Environmental Management 261 (2020).
55. K. Poole, At the Nexus of Antibiotics and Metals: The Impact of Cu and Zn on Antibiotic Activity and Resistance, Trends Microbiol. 25 (2017) 820-823.
56. Y. Qu, X. Xu, R. Huang, W. Qi, R. Su, and Z. He, Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics in water over functionalized N,S-doped carbon quantum dots embedded ZnO nanoflowers under sunlight irradiation, Chemical Engineering Journal 382 (2020).