Simultaneous photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen production and ammonia degradation using titania nanotube-based photoanodes
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Abstract
The primary focus of this research is to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the photoanode based of titania nanotubes in the photoelectrocatalytic process, which enables the simultaneous generation of hydrogen and degradation of ammonia. The modification process involved the incorporation of nitrogen dopant during anodization and sensitization of CuO through Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption Reaction (SILAR). The results of this study showed that the introduction of N dopant led to a significant enhancement in both the ammonia elimination and the hydrogen production, as evidenced by 3N-TiNTAs achieving 74.4% and 561 mmol/m2, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest hydrogen production was observed with 7CuO-TiNTAs at 910.14 mmol/m2. The study revealed that N-TiNTAs exhibited superior performance in ammonia degradation; while CuO-TiNTAs showed higher hydrogen production rates. Furthermore, the mechanistic aspects of the study were also thoroughly examined.
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Elysabeth, T., Dewi, E. L., Ratnawati, Mulia, K., & Slamet. (2024). Simultaneous photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen production and ammonia degradation using titania nanotube-based photoanodes. Communications in Science and Technology, 9(2), 207-218. https://doi.org/10.21924/cst.9.2.2024.1464
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References
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12. Talat-Mehrabad J, Khosravi M, Modirshahla N, Behnajady MA. Sol–gel preparation and characterization of Ag and Mg co-doped nano TiO2: efficient photocatalytic degradation of C.I. Acid Red 27. Res Chem Intermed.42(2) (2016) 595-609.
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21. Sun Q, Li Y, Sun X, Dong L. Improved Photoelectrical Performance of Single-Crystal TiO2 Nanorod Arrays by Surface Sensitization with Copper Quantum Dots. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng.1(7) (2013) 798-804.
22. Husein S, Rustamadji RR, Pratiwi R, Dewi EL. Simultaneous tartrazine-tetracycline removal and hydrogen production in the hybrid electrocoagulation-photocatalytic process using g-C3N4/TiNTAs. Communications in Science and Technology.9(1) (2024) 46-56.
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25. Zhang L, Cao H, Pen Q, Wu L, Hou G, Tang Y, et al. Embedded CuO nanoparticles@TiO2-nanotube arrays for photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol. Electrochim Acta.283 (2018) 1507-13.
26. Lei M, Wang N, Zhu L, Zhou Q, Nie G, Tang H. Photocatalytic reductive degradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on CuO/TiO2 nanocomposites: A mechanism based on the switching of photocatalytic reduction potential being controlled by the valence state of copper. Appl Catal B: Environ.182 (2016) 414-23.
27. Hassan NS, Jalil AA, Triwahyono S, Hitam CNC, Rahman AFA, Khusnun NF, et al. Exploiting copper–silica–zirconia cooperative interactions for the stabilization of tetragonal zirconia catalysts and enhancement of the visible-light photodegradation of bisphenol A. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng.82 (2018) 322-30.
28. Zangeneh H, Farhadian M, Zinatizadeh AA. N (Urea) and CN (L-Asparagine) doped TiO2-CuO nanocomposites: Fabrication, characterization and photodegradation of direct red 16. J Environ Chem Eng.8(1) (2020) 103639.
29. Roy P, Berger S, Schmuki P. TiO2 nanotubes: synthesis and applications. Angew Chem Int Ed.50(13) (2011) 2904-39.
30. Ratnawati, Gunlazuardi J, Slamet. Synthesis of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays by Sonication Aided Anodization and Its Application for Hydrogen Generation from Aqueous Glycerol Solution. MATEC Web Conf.28 (2015) 01001.
31. Ratnawati, Gunlazuardi J, Dewi EL, Slamet. Int J Hydrogen Energy.39 (2014) 16927-35.
32. Gunlazuardi J. Development of titania nanotube arrays: The roles of water content and annealing atmosphere. Mater Chem Phys.160 (2015) 111-8.
33. Ratnawati R, Gunlazuardi J, Slamet S. Effect of Anodization Time and Temperature on the Morphology of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Glycerol Solution2014: Proceeding the Regional Conference on Chemical Engineering.
34. Liang H-c, Li X-z. Effects of structure of anodic TiO2 nanotube arrays on photocatalytic activity for the degradation of 2, 3-dichlorophenol in aqueous solution. J Hazard Mater.162(2-3) (2009) 1415-22.
35. Elysabeth T, Slamet, Sri Redjeki A. Effect of urea loading on the anodic synthesis of titania nanotube arrays photoanode to enhance photoelectrochemical performance. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng.509 (2019).
36. Elysabeth T, Mulia K, Ibadurrohman M, Dewi EL, Slamet. A comparative study of CuO deposition methods on titania nanotube arrays for photoelectrocatalytic ammonia degradation and hydrogen production. Int J Hydrogen Energy.46(53) (2021) 26873-85.
37. Cao D, Wang Q, Zhu S, Zhang X, Li Y, Cui Y, et al. Hydrothermal construction of flower-like MoS2 on TiO2 NTs for highly efficient environmental remediation and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Sep Purif Technol.265 (2021) 118463.
38. Bouazizi N, Bargougui R, Oueslati A, Benslama R. Effect of synthesis time on structural, optical and electrical properties of CuO nanoparticles synthesized by reflux condensation method. Adv Mater Lett.6(2) (2015) 158-64.
39. Meng A, Zhang J, Xu D, Cheng B, Yu J. Enhanced photocatalytic H2-production activity of anatase TiO2 nanosheet by selectively depositing dual-cocatalysts on {101} and {001} facets. Appl Catal B: Environ.198 (2016) 286-94.
40. Deng F, Luo X, Shu H, Tu X, Luo S. Synthesis of anatase TiO2 in a vinyl-containing ionic liquid and its enhanced photocatalytic activity. Res Chem Intermed.39(6) (2013) 2857-65.
41. Luo N, Jiang Z, Shi H, Cao F, Xiao T, Edwards PP. Photo-catalytic conversion of oxygenated hydrocarbons to hydrogen over heteroatom-doped TiO2 catalysts. Int J Hydrogen Energy.34(1) (2009) 125-9.
42. Elysabeth T, Slamet, Sri Redjeki A. Synthesis of N doped titania nanotube arrays photoanode using urea as nitrogen precursor for photoelectrocatalytic application. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng; 2019: IOP Publishing.
43. Zhou L, Deng J, Zhao Y, Liu W, An L, Chen F. Preparation and characterization of N–I co-doped nanocrystal anatase TiO2 with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation. Mater Chem Phys.117(2) (2009) 522-7.
44. Mukul M, Devi N, Sharma S, Tripathi SK, Rani M. Synthesis and study of TiO2/CuO core shell nanoparticles for photovoltaic applications. Mater Today Proc.28 (2020) 1382-5.
45. Liu Z, Song Y, Wang Q, Jia Y, Tan X, Du X, et al. Solvothermal fabrication and construction of highly photoelectrocatalytic TiO2 NTs/Bi2MoO6 heterojunction based on titanium mesh. J Colloid Interface Sci.556 (2019) 92-101.
46. Xing Y, Gao X, Ji G, Liu Z, Du C. Synthesis of carbon doped Bi2MoO6 for enhanced photocatalytic performance and tumor photodynamic therapy efficiency. Appl Surf Sci.465 (2019) 369-82.
47. Cheng X, Yu X, Xing Z. Characterization and mechanism analysis of N doped TiO2 with visible light response and its enhanced visible activity. Appl Surf Sci.258(7) (2012) 3244-8.
48. Xiao S, Wan D, Zhang K, Qu H, Peng J. Enhanced photoelectrocatalytic degradation of ammonia by in situ photoelectrogenerated active chlorine on TiO2 nanotube electrodes. J Environ Sci.50 (2016) 103-8.
49. Feng J, Zhang X, Zhang G, Li J, Song W, Xu Z. Improved photocatalytic conversion of high?concentration ammonia in water by low?cost Cu/TiO2 and its mechanism study. Chemosphere.274 (2021) 129689.
50. Liu W, Ni J, Yin X. Synergy of photocatalysis and adsorption for simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) with TiO? and titanate nanotubes. Water Res.53 (2014) 12-25.
51. Reddy PAK, Reddy PVL, Kim K-H, Kumar MK, Manvitha C, Shim J-J. Novel approach for the synthesis of nitrogen-doped titania with variable phase composition and enhanced production of hydrogen under solar irradiation. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.53 (2017) 253-60.
52. Zhai C, Zhu M, Bin D, Wang H, Du Y, Wang C, et al. Visible-light-assisted electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol using reduced graphene oxide modified Pt nanoflowers-TiO2 nanotube arrays. ACS applied materials & interfaces.6(20) (2014) 17753-61.
53. Zhai C, Zhu M, Lu Y, Ren F, Wang C, Du Y, et al. Reduced graphene oxide modified highly ordered TiO 2 nanotube arrays photoelectrode with enhanced photoelectrocatalytic performance under visible-light irradiation. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics.16(28) (2014) 14800-7.
54. Brigden K, Stringer R. Ammonia and Urea Production : Incidents of Ammonia Release From The Profertil Urea and Ammonia Facility, Bahia Blanca, Argentina. UK: Departement of Biological Science University of Exeter; 2000.
55. Wang R, Xie T, Sun Z, Pu T, Li W, Ao J-P. Graphene quantum dot modified gC 3 N 4 for enhanced photocatalytic oxidation of ammonia performance. RSC advances.7(81) (2017) 51687-94.
56. Zhang H, Gu Q-Q, Zhou Y-W, Liu S-Q, Liu W-X, Luo L, et al. Direct Z-scheme photocatalytic removal of ammonia via the narrow band gap MoS2/N-doped graphene hybrid catalyst upon near-infrared irradiation. Appl Surf Sci.504 (2020) 144065.
57. Yamazoe S, Okumura T, Hitomi Y, Shishido T, Tanaka T. Mechanism of photo-oxidation of NH3 over TiO2: Fourier transform infrared study of the intermediate species. J Phys Chem C.111(29) (2007) 11077-85.
2. Luo M, Yi Y, Wang S, Wang Z, Du M, Pan J, et al. Review of hydrogen production using chemical-looping technology. Renew Sustainable Energy Rev.81 (2018) 3186-214.
3. Yin S-F, Zhang Q-H, Xu B-Q, Zhu W-X, Ng C-F, Au C-T. Investigation on the catalysis of COx-free hydrogen generation from ammonia. J Catal.224(2) (2004) 384-96.
4. Yin SF, Xu BQ, Zhu WX, Ng CF, Zhou XP, Au CT. Carbon nanotubes-supported Ru catalyst for the generation of COx-free hydrogen from ammonia. Catal Today.93-95 (2004) 27-38.
5. Giddey S, Badwal SPS, Kulkarni A. Review of electrochemical ammonia production technologies and materials. Int J Hydrogen Energy.38(34) (2013) 14576-94.
6. Nemoto J, Gokan N, Ueno H, Kaneko M. Photodecomposition of ammonia to dinitrogen and dihydrogen on platinized TiO2 nanoparticules in an aqueous solution. Photochem Photobiol A: Chem.185(2) (2007) 295-300.
7. Maffei N, Pelletier L, Charland JP, McFarlan A. An intermediate temperature direct ammonia fuel cell using a proton conducting electrolyte. J Power Sources.140(2) (2005) 264-7.
8. Pelletier L, McFarlan A, Maffei N. Ammonia fuel cell using doped barium cerate proton conducting solid electrolytes. J Power Sources.145(2) (2005) 262-5.
9. Vitse F, Cooper M, Botte GG. On the use of ammonia electrolysis for hydrogen production. J Power Sources.142(1-2) (2005) 18-26.
10. Podila S, Driss H, Zaman SF, Ali AM, Al-Zahrani AA, Daous MA, et al. Effect of preparation methods on the catalyst performance of Co/MgLa mixed oxide catalyst for COx-free hydrogen production by ammonia decomposition. Int J Hydrogen Energy.42(38) (2017) 24213-21.
11. Rini AS, Nabilla A, Rati Y. Microwave-assisted biosynthesis and characterization of ZnO film for photocatalytic application in methylene blue degradation. Communications in Science and Technology.6(2) (2021) 69-73.
12. Talat-Mehrabad J, Khosravi M, Modirshahla N, Behnajady MA. Sol–gel preparation and characterization of Ag and Mg co-doped nano TiO2: efficient photocatalytic degradation of C.I. Acid Red 27. Res Chem Intermed.42(2) (2016) 595-609.
13. Pan X, Xie Q, Chen W-l, Zhuang G-l, Zhong X, Wang J-g. Tuning the catalytic property of TiO2 nanotube arrays for water splitting. Int J Hydrogen Energy.38(5) (2013) 2095-105.
14. Lee K, Mazare A, Schmuki P. One-Dimensional Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Nanotubes. Chem Rev.114(19) (2014) 9385-454.
15. Slamet S, Pelawi LF, Ibadurrohman M, Yudianti R, Ratnawati R. Simultaneous Decolorization of Tartrazine and Production of H2 in a Combined Electrocoagulation and Photocatalytic Processes using CuO-TiO2 Nanotube Arrays: Literature Review and Experiment. Indones J Sci Technol.7(3) 385-404.
16. Chen X, Burda C. The electronic origin of the visible-light absorption properties of C-, N-and S-doped TiO2 nanomaterials. J Am Chem Soc.130(15) (2008) 5018-9.
17. Asahi R, Morikawa T, Ohwaki T, Aoki K, Taga Y. Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides. Science.293(5528) (2001) 269-71.
18. Rezaei E, Schlageter B, Nemati M, Predicala B. Evaluation of metal oxide nanoparticles for adsorption of gas phase ammonia. J Environ Chem Eng.5(1) (2017) 422-31.
19. Momeni MM. Fabrication of copper decorated tungsten oxide–titanium oxide nanotubes by photochemical deposition technique and their photocatalytic application under visible light. Appl Surf Sci.357 (2015) 160-6.
20. Momeni MM, Ghayeb Y, Ezati F. Fabrication, characterization and photoelectrochemical activity of tungsten-copper co-sensitized TiO2 nanotube composite photoanodes. J Colloid Interface Sci.514 (2018) 70-82.
21. Sun Q, Li Y, Sun X, Dong L. Improved Photoelectrical Performance of Single-Crystal TiO2 Nanorod Arrays by Surface Sensitization with Copper Quantum Dots. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng.1(7) (2013) 798-804.
22. Husein S, Rustamadji RR, Pratiwi R, Dewi EL. Simultaneous tartrazine-tetracycline removal and hydrogen production in the hybrid electrocoagulation-photocatalytic process using g-C3N4/TiNTAs. Communications in Science and Technology.9(1) (2024) 46-56.
23. Zhong JS, Wang QY, Zhou J, Chen DQ, Ji ZG. Highly efficient photoelectrocatalytic removal of RhB and Cr(VI) by Cu nanoparticles sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays. Appl Surf Sci.367 (2016) 342-6.
24. Hua Z, Dai Z, Bai X, Ye Z, Wang P, Gu H, et al. Copper nanoparticles sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays electrode with enhanced photoelectrocatalytic activity for diclofenac degradation. Chem Eng J.283 (2016) 514-23.
25. Zhang L, Cao H, Pen Q, Wu L, Hou G, Tang Y, et al. Embedded CuO nanoparticles@TiO2-nanotube arrays for photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol. Electrochim Acta.283 (2018) 1507-13.
26. Lei M, Wang N, Zhu L, Zhou Q, Nie G, Tang H. Photocatalytic reductive degradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on CuO/TiO2 nanocomposites: A mechanism based on the switching of photocatalytic reduction potential being controlled by the valence state of copper. Appl Catal B: Environ.182 (2016) 414-23.
27. Hassan NS, Jalil AA, Triwahyono S, Hitam CNC, Rahman AFA, Khusnun NF, et al. Exploiting copper–silica–zirconia cooperative interactions for the stabilization of tetragonal zirconia catalysts and enhancement of the visible-light photodegradation of bisphenol A. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng.82 (2018) 322-30.
28. Zangeneh H, Farhadian M, Zinatizadeh AA. N (Urea) and CN (L-Asparagine) doped TiO2-CuO nanocomposites: Fabrication, characterization and photodegradation of direct red 16. J Environ Chem Eng.8(1) (2020) 103639.
29. Roy P, Berger S, Schmuki P. TiO2 nanotubes: synthesis and applications. Angew Chem Int Ed.50(13) (2011) 2904-39.
30. Ratnawati, Gunlazuardi J, Slamet. Synthesis of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays by Sonication Aided Anodization and Its Application for Hydrogen Generation from Aqueous Glycerol Solution. MATEC Web Conf.28 (2015) 01001.
31. Ratnawati, Gunlazuardi J, Dewi EL, Slamet. Int J Hydrogen Energy.39 (2014) 16927-35.
32. Gunlazuardi J. Development of titania nanotube arrays: The roles of water content and annealing atmosphere. Mater Chem Phys.160 (2015) 111-8.
33. Ratnawati R, Gunlazuardi J, Slamet S. Effect of Anodization Time and Temperature on the Morphology of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Glycerol Solution2014: Proceeding the Regional Conference on Chemical Engineering.
34. Liang H-c, Li X-z. Effects of structure of anodic TiO2 nanotube arrays on photocatalytic activity for the degradation of 2, 3-dichlorophenol in aqueous solution. J Hazard Mater.162(2-3) (2009) 1415-22.
35. Elysabeth T, Slamet, Sri Redjeki A. Effect of urea loading on the anodic synthesis of titania nanotube arrays photoanode to enhance photoelectrochemical performance. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng.509 (2019).
36. Elysabeth T, Mulia K, Ibadurrohman M, Dewi EL, Slamet. A comparative study of CuO deposition methods on titania nanotube arrays for photoelectrocatalytic ammonia degradation and hydrogen production. Int J Hydrogen Energy.46(53) (2021) 26873-85.
37. Cao D, Wang Q, Zhu S, Zhang X, Li Y, Cui Y, et al. Hydrothermal construction of flower-like MoS2 on TiO2 NTs for highly efficient environmental remediation and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Sep Purif Technol.265 (2021) 118463.
38. Bouazizi N, Bargougui R, Oueslati A, Benslama R. Effect of synthesis time on structural, optical and electrical properties of CuO nanoparticles synthesized by reflux condensation method. Adv Mater Lett.6(2) (2015) 158-64.
39. Meng A, Zhang J, Xu D, Cheng B, Yu J. Enhanced photocatalytic H2-production activity of anatase TiO2 nanosheet by selectively depositing dual-cocatalysts on {101} and {001} facets. Appl Catal B: Environ.198 (2016) 286-94.
40. Deng F, Luo X, Shu H, Tu X, Luo S. Synthesis of anatase TiO2 in a vinyl-containing ionic liquid and its enhanced photocatalytic activity. Res Chem Intermed.39(6) (2013) 2857-65.
41. Luo N, Jiang Z, Shi H, Cao F, Xiao T, Edwards PP. Photo-catalytic conversion of oxygenated hydrocarbons to hydrogen over heteroatom-doped TiO2 catalysts. Int J Hydrogen Energy.34(1) (2009) 125-9.
42. Elysabeth T, Slamet, Sri Redjeki A. Synthesis of N doped titania nanotube arrays photoanode using urea as nitrogen precursor for photoelectrocatalytic application. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng; 2019: IOP Publishing.
43. Zhou L, Deng J, Zhao Y, Liu W, An L, Chen F. Preparation and characterization of N–I co-doped nanocrystal anatase TiO2 with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation. Mater Chem Phys.117(2) (2009) 522-7.
44. Mukul M, Devi N, Sharma S, Tripathi SK, Rani M. Synthesis and study of TiO2/CuO core shell nanoparticles for photovoltaic applications. Mater Today Proc.28 (2020) 1382-5.
45. Liu Z, Song Y, Wang Q, Jia Y, Tan X, Du X, et al. Solvothermal fabrication and construction of highly photoelectrocatalytic TiO2 NTs/Bi2MoO6 heterojunction based on titanium mesh. J Colloid Interface Sci.556 (2019) 92-101.
46. Xing Y, Gao X, Ji G, Liu Z, Du C. Synthesis of carbon doped Bi2MoO6 for enhanced photocatalytic performance and tumor photodynamic therapy efficiency. Appl Surf Sci.465 (2019) 369-82.
47. Cheng X, Yu X, Xing Z. Characterization and mechanism analysis of N doped TiO2 with visible light response and its enhanced visible activity. Appl Surf Sci.258(7) (2012) 3244-8.
48. Xiao S, Wan D, Zhang K, Qu H, Peng J. Enhanced photoelectrocatalytic degradation of ammonia by in situ photoelectrogenerated active chlorine on TiO2 nanotube electrodes. J Environ Sci.50 (2016) 103-8.
49. Feng J, Zhang X, Zhang G, Li J, Song W, Xu Z. Improved photocatalytic conversion of high?concentration ammonia in water by low?cost Cu/TiO2 and its mechanism study. Chemosphere.274 (2021) 129689.
50. Liu W, Ni J, Yin X. Synergy of photocatalysis and adsorption for simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) with TiO? and titanate nanotubes. Water Res.53 (2014) 12-25.
51. Reddy PAK, Reddy PVL, Kim K-H, Kumar MK, Manvitha C, Shim J-J. Novel approach for the synthesis of nitrogen-doped titania with variable phase composition and enhanced production of hydrogen under solar irradiation. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.53 (2017) 253-60.
52. Zhai C, Zhu M, Bin D, Wang H, Du Y, Wang C, et al. Visible-light-assisted electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol using reduced graphene oxide modified Pt nanoflowers-TiO2 nanotube arrays. ACS applied materials & interfaces.6(20) (2014) 17753-61.
53. Zhai C, Zhu M, Lu Y, Ren F, Wang C, Du Y, et al. Reduced graphene oxide modified highly ordered TiO 2 nanotube arrays photoelectrode with enhanced photoelectrocatalytic performance under visible-light irradiation. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics.16(28) (2014) 14800-7.
54. Brigden K, Stringer R. Ammonia and Urea Production : Incidents of Ammonia Release From The Profertil Urea and Ammonia Facility, Bahia Blanca, Argentina. UK: Departement of Biological Science University of Exeter; 2000.
55. Wang R, Xie T, Sun Z, Pu T, Li W, Ao J-P. Graphene quantum dot modified gC 3 N 4 for enhanced photocatalytic oxidation of ammonia performance. RSC advances.7(81) (2017) 51687-94.
56. Zhang H, Gu Q-Q, Zhou Y-W, Liu S-Q, Liu W-X, Luo L, et al. Direct Z-scheme photocatalytic removal of ammonia via the narrow band gap MoS2/N-doped graphene hybrid catalyst upon near-infrared irradiation. Appl Surf Sci.504 (2020) 144065.
57. Yamazoe S, Okumura T, Hitomi Y, Shishido T, Tanaka T. Mechanism of photo-oxidation of NH3 over TiO2: Fourier transform infrared study of the intermediate species. J Phys Chem C.111(29) (2007) 11077-85.