Synthesis, characterization and performance of Ni/mesoporous silica - NH\(_2\)/mesoporous silica and Ni-NH\(_2\)/mesoporous silica as bifunctional catalyst in one step conversion of waste palm oil to biodiesel
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Abstract
Sidoarjo mud is a natural material resulted from an unusual natural phenomenon and is rich in silica contents. So far, no studies have been reported about mesoporous silica from Sidoarjo Mud, which is a supported catalyst for one-step conversion to biodiesel. This study aims to explore synthesis, characterization, and applications to demonstrate the heightened activity and selectivity in the esterification- transesterification of waste palm oil into biodiesel, utilizing a one-step method aligned with the principles of green chemistry using two bifunctional catalysts (Ni/MS - NH2/MS and Ni-NH2/MS). The bifunctional catalysts were prepared by means of hydrothermal, wet impregnation, and grafting methods. The highest biodiesel yield (78.77%) was achieved under the condition of 65 °C, 3 h, methanol to oil ratio 21 : 1, and 3wt% of Ni/MS - NH2/MS as the catalyst. The catalyst was able to yield a conversion level as good as ~72% in the 3rd cycle after regeneration. The research demonstrates the industrial relevance of the catalyst, offering a sustainable solution for biodiesel production and waste management.
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Fitria, A., Trisunaryanti, W., Triyono, & Santoso, I. (2024). Synthesis, characterization and performance of Ni/mesoporous silica - NH\(_2\)/mesoporous silica and Ni-NH\(_2\)/mesoporous silica as bifunctional catalyst in one step conversion of waste palm oil to biodiesel. Communications in Science and Technology, 9(2), 430-441. https://doi.org/10.21924/cst.9.2.2024.1483
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31. J. Prameswari, W. Widayat, L. Buchori, H. Hadiyanto, Novel iron sand-derived ?-Fe?O?/CaO? bifunctional catalyst for waste cooking oil-based biodiesel production, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 30 (2023) 98832–98847.
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38. H. Jabbari, Production of methyl ester biofuel from sunflower oil via transesterification reaction, Asian J. Nanosci. Mater. 1 (2018) 52–55.
39. D.A. Ramdhani, W. Trisunaryanti, Study of green and sustainable heterogeneous catalyst produced from Javanese Moringa oleifera leaf ash for the transesterification of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil, Commun. Sci. Technol. 8 (2023) 124–133.
40. Y.M. Zein, A.K. Anal, D. Prasetyoko, I. Qoniah, Biodiesel production from waste palm oil catalyzed by hierarchical ZSM-5 supported calcium oxide, Indones. J. Chem. 16 (2016) 98–104.
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42. S. O'Donnell, I. Demshemino, M. Yahaya, I. Nwadike, L. Okoro, A review on the spectroscopic analyses of biodiesel, Eur. Int. J. Sci. Technol. 2 (2013) 137–146.
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44. R. Aitbelale, I. Abala, F.E.M.H. Alaoui, A. Sahibed-dine, N.M. Rujas, F. Aguilar, Characterization and determination of thermodynamic properties of waste cooking oil biodiesel: Experimental, correlation and modeling density over a wide temperature range up to 393.15 and pressure up to 140 MPa, Fluid Phase Equilib. 497 (2019) 87–96.
45. M. Tariq, S. Ali, F. Ahmad, M. Ahmad, M. Zafar, N. Khalid, M.A. Khan, Identification, FT-IR, NMR (¹H and ¹³C) and GC/MS studies of fatty acid methyl esters in biodiesel from rocket seed oil, Fuel Process. Technol. 92 (2011) 336–341.
46. N.J.A. Rahman, A. Ramli, K. Jumbri, Y. Uemura, Tailoring the surface area and the acid–base properties of ZrO? for biodiesel production from Nannochloropsis sp., Sci. Rep. 9 (2019) 1–12.
47. D.J. Qoyima, Modification of Magnesium Oxide from Bittern Waste with Strontium Oxide for Palm Oil Transesterification Process, Indones. J. Chem. Sci. 10 (2021) 2.
48. S. Syukri, F. Ferdian, Y. Rilda, Y.E. Putri, M. Efdi, U. Septiani, Synthesis of graphene oxide enriched natural kaolinite clay and its application for biodiesel production, Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev. 10 (2021) 307–315.
49. N. Oueda, Y.L. Bonzi-Coulibaly, I.W. Ouédraogo, Deactivation processes, regeneration conditions and reusability performance of CaO or MgO based catalysts used for biodiesel production—a review, Mater. Sci. Appl. 8 (2016) 94–122.
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51. Istadi, U. Mabruro, B.A. Kalimantini, L. Buchori, D.D. Anggoro, Reusability and stability tests of calcium oxide-based catalyst (K?O/CaO-ZnO) for transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel, Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal. 11 (2016) 34–39.
2. Y. Mao, J. Cheng, H. Guo, L. Qian, W. Yang, J.Y. Park, Synthesis of acid–base bifunctional catalysts by in situ growth of Co-LDH nanosheets on HY zeolite to enhance Co(OH)x utilization for microalgal lipid conversion, Energy Fuels 37 (2023) 5220–5228.
3. O.E. Ajala, F. Aberuagba, T.E. Odetoye, A.M. Ajala, Biodiesel: sustainable energy replacement to petroleum-based diesel fuel—a review, ChemBioEng Rev. 2 (2015) 145–156.
4. B. Tabah, A.P. Nagvenkar, N. Perkas, A. Gedanken, Solar-heated sustainable biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a sonochemically deposited SrO catalyst on microporous activated carbon, Energy Fuels 31 (2017) 6228–6239.
5. X. Liu, H. He, Y. Wang, S. Zhu, X. Piao, Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel using CaO as a solid base catalyst, Fuel 87 (2008) 216–221.
6. L. Du, Z. Li, S. Ding, C. Chen, S. Qu, W. Yi, J. Ding, Synthesis and characterization of carbon-based MgO catalysts for biodiesel production from castor oil, Fuel 258 (2019) 116122.
7. D. Ganesan, A. Rajendran, V. Thangavelu, An overview on the recent advances in the transesterification of vegetable oils for biodiesel production using chemical and biocatalysts, Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 8 (2009) 367–394.
8. D. Srinivas, J.K. Satyarthi, Biodiesel production from vegetable oils and animal fat over solid acid double-metal cyanide catalysts, Catal. Surv. Asia 15 (2011) 145–160.
9. D. Faria, F. Santos, G. Machado, R.V. Lourega, P. Eichler, G. De Souza, J. Lima, Extraction of radish seed oil (Raphanus sativus L.) and evaluation of its potential in biodiesel production, AIMS Energy 6(4) (2018) 551-565.
10. D. Singh, D. Sharma, S.L. Soni, S. Sharma, D. Kumari, Chemical compositions, properties, and standards for different generation biodiesels: a review, Fuel 253 (2019) 60–71.
11. H. Zhang, H. Li, Y. Hu, K.T.V. Rao, C.C. Xu, S. Yang, Advances in production of bio-based ester fuels with heterogeneous bifunctional catalysts, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 114 (2019) 109296.
12. Al-Saadi, B. Mathan, Y. He, Esterification and transesterification over SrO–ZnO/Al?O? as a novel bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production, Renew. Energy 158 (2020) 388–399.
13. V. Enguilo Gonzaga, R. Romero, R.M. Gómez-Espinosa, A. Romero, S.L. Martínez, R. Natividad, Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil catalyzed by a bifunctional catalyst, ACS Omega 6 (2021) 24092–24105.
14. H. Noureddini, D. Harkey, V. Medikonduru, A continuous process for the conversion of vegetable oils into methyl esters of fatty acids, JAOCS, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 75 (1998) 1775–1783.
15. B. Changmai, C. Vanlalveni, A.P. Ingle, R. Bhagat, L. Rokhum, Widely used catalysts in biodiesel production: a review, RSC Adv. 10 (2020) 41625–41679.
16. D. Zhao, Q. Huo, J. Feng, J. Kim, Y. Han, G.D. Stucky, Novel mesoporous silicates with two-dimensional mesostructure direction using rigid bolaform surfactants, Chem. Mater. 11 (1999) 2668–2672.
17. C. Hsu, H.P.L. Tang, C. Lin, Synthesis of mesoporous silica and mesoporous carbon using gelatin as organic template, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 165 (2007) 385–388.
18. Ifah, W. Trisunaryanti, Triyonno, K. Dewi, Synthesis of MCM-41- NH? catalyst by sonochemical method for transesterification of waste palm oil, Int. J. ChemTech 9 (2016) 382–387.
19. T. Triyono, H.M. Khoiri, W. Trisunaryanti, K. Dewi, Synthesis of NH?/MCM-41 catalysts using silica from Sidoarjo mud and their characterization for palm oil transesterification, IOSR J. Appl. Chem. 8 (2015) 50–56.
20. H.I.M. Ortiz, Y.P. Mercado, J.A.M. Silva, Y.O. Maldonado, G. Castruita, L.A.G. Cerda, Functionalization with amine-containing organosilane of mesoporous silica MCM-41 and MCM-48 obtained at room temperature, Ceram. Int. 40 (2014) 9701–9707.
21. M. Ulfa, W. Trisunaryanti, I.I. Falah, I. Kartini, I. Sutarno, Synthesis of mesoporous carbon using gelatin as a source of carbon by hard template technique and its characterizations, IOSR J. Appl. Chem. 4 (2014) 1–7.
22. S.A. Kadapure, P. Kirti, S. Singh, S. Kokatnur, N. Hiremath, A. Variar, et al., Studies on process optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking and palm oil, Int. J. Sustain. Eng. 11 (2018) 167–172.
23. W. Trisunaryanti, A. Alethiana, I.I. Falah, D.A. Fatmawati, Effective production of biofuel from used cooking oil over Ni–Pd loaded on amine-functionalized Lapindo Mud catalyst, React. Kinet. Mech. Catal. 135 (2022) 951–970.
24. D. Hardjito, Antoni, G.M. Wibowo, D. Christianto, Pozzolanic activity assessment of LUSI mud in semi high volume pozzolanic mortar, Mater. 5 (2012) 1654–1660.
25. W. Trisunaryanti, A. Syofian, S. Purwono, Characterization and modification of Indonesia natural zeolite for hydrocracking of waste lubricant oil into liquid fuel fraction, J. Chem. Eng. 7 (2013) 175–180.
26. T. Triyono, H.M. Khoiri, W. Trisunaryanti, K. Dewi, Synthesis of NH?/MCM-41 catalysts using silica of Sidoarjo mud and their characterization for palm oil transesterification, IOSR J. Appl. Chem. 8 (2015) 50–56.
27. L. Travaglini, P. Picchetti, A. Del Giudice, L. Galantini, L. De Cola, Tuning and controlling the shape of mesoporous silica particles with CTAB/sodium deoxycholate catanionic mixtures, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 279 (2019) 423–431.
28. M. Alsaiari, B.T.T. Thao, N.H. Hieu, N.P.H. Duy, D.V.N. Vo, T. Witoon, A. Al-Gheethi, High selective hydrocarbon and hydrogen products from catalytic pyrolysis of rice husk: role of the ordered mesoporous silica derived from rice husk ash for Ni-nanocatalyst performance, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 178 (2024) 106383.
29. N.M. Popova, L.A. Sokolova, E.A. Marchenko, L.N. Bobrova, TPD study of NH? adsorption/desorption on the surface of V/Ti, V/Al based catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO? by ammonia. TPD test of ?-Al?O?, TiO? (anatase) and alumina- supported vanadia catalysts, React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 65 (1998) 363–370.
30. T. Yan, W. Bing, M. Xu, Y. Li, Y. Yang, G. Cui, M. Wei, Acid– base sites synergistic catalysis over Mg–Zr–Al mixed metal oxide toward synthesis of diethyl carbonate, RSC Adv. 8 (2018) 4695– 4702.
31. J. Prameswari, W. Widayat, L. Buchori, H. Hadiyanto, Novel iron sand-derived ?-Fe?O?/CaO? bifunctional catalyst for waste cooking oil-based biodiesel production, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 30 (2023) 98832–98847.
32. W. Wendi, Effect of Reaction Temperature and Catalyst Concentration, in: Sriwijaya Int. Semin. Energy-Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 1, No. 1, 2014, pp. 32–37.
33. U.L. Azzahro, W. Broto, Utilization of Waste Shells as CaO Catalyst in Biodiesel Production from Used Cooking Oil, Acta Chim. Asiana 5 (2022) 147–152.
34. P.M. Anisah, E. Agustian, Effect of transesterification on the result of waste cooking oil conversion to biodiesel, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1170 (2019) 012067, IOP Publishing.
35. N. Kolesárová, M. Hut?an, I. Bodík, V. Špalková, Utilization of biodiesel by-products for biogas production, BioMed Res. Int. 2011 (2011).
36. M.D. Supardan, S. Satriana, M. Mahlinda, Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using hydrodynamic cavitation, Makara J. Technol. 16 (2012) 10.
37. N.S.M. Alias, H. Veny, F. Hamzah, N. Aziz, Effect of free fatty acid pretreatment to yield, composition and activation energy in chemical synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester, Indones. J. Chem. 19 (2019) 592–598.
38. H. Jabbari, Production of methyl ester biofuel from sunflower oil via transesterification reaction, Asian J. Nanosci. Mater. 1 (2018) 52–55.
39. D.A. Ramdhani, W. Trisunaryanti, Study of green and sustainable heterogeneous catalyst produced from Javanese Moringa oleifera leaf ash for the transesterification of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil, Commun. Sci. Technol. 8 (2023) 124–133.
40. Y.M. Zein, A.K. Anal, D. Prasetyoko, I. Qoniah, Biodiesel production from waste palm oil catalyzed by hierarchical ZSM-5 supported calcium oxide, Indones. J. Chem. 16 (2016) 98–104.
41. S.E. Mahesh, A. Ramanathan, K.M.S. Begum, A. Narayanan, Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using KBr impregnated CaO as catalyst, Energy Convers. Manag. 91 (2015) 442–450.
42. S. O'Donnell, I. Demshemino, M. Yahaya, I. Nwadike, L. Okoro, A review on the spectroscopic analyses of biodiesel, Eur. Int. J. Sci. Technol. 2 (2013) 137–146.
43. M. Tariq, S. Ali, N. Muhammad, N.A. Shah, M. Sirajuddin, M.N. Tahir, M.R. Khan, Biological screening, DNA interaction studies, and catalytic activity of organotin(IV) 2-(4-ethylbenzylidene) butanoic acid derivatives: synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and X-ray structure, J. Coord. Chem. 67 (2014) 323–340.
44. R. Aitbelale, I. Abala, F.E.M.H. Alaoui, A. Sahibed-dine, N.M. Rujas, F. Aguilar, Characterization and determination of thermodynamic properties of waste cooking oil biodiesel: Experimental, correlation and modeling density over a wide temperature range up to 393.15 and pressure up to 140 MPa, Fluid Phase Equilib. 497 (2019) 87–96.
45. M. Tariq, S. Ali, F. Ahmad, M. Ahmad, M. Zafar, N. Khalid, M.A. Khan, Identification, FT-IR, NMR (¹H and ¹³C) and GC/MS studies of fatty acid methyl esters in biodiesel from rocket seed oil, Fuel Process. Technol. 92 (2011) 336–341.
46. N.J.A. Rahman, A. Ramli, K. Jumbri, Y. Uemura, Tailoring the surface area and the acid–base properties of ZrO? for biodiesel production from Nannochloropsis sp., Sci. Rep. 9 (2019) 1–12.
47. D.J. Qoyima, Modification of Magnesium Oxide from Bittern Waste with Strontium Oxide for Palm Oil Transesterification Process, Indones. J. Chem. Sci. 10 (2021) 2.
48. S. Syukri, F. Ferdian, Y. Rilda, Y.E. Putri, M. Efdi, U. Septiani, Synthesis of graphene oxide enriched natural kaolinite clay and its application for biodiesel production, Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev. 10 (2021) 307–315.
49. N. Oueda, Y.L. Bonzi-Coulibaly, I.W. Ouédraogo, Deactivation processes, regeneration conditions and reusability performance of CaO or MgO based catalysts used for biodiesel production—a review, Mater. Sci. Appl. 8 (2016) 94–122.
50. M.R. Bayramo?lu, ?. Korkut, B.T. Ergan, Reusability and regeneration of solid catalysts used in ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production, Turk. J. Chem. 45 (2021) 342–347.
51. Istadi, U. Mabruro, B.A. Kalimantini, L. Buchori, D.D. Anggoro, Reusability and stability tests of calcium oxide-based catalyst (K?O/CaO-ZnO) for transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel, Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal. 11 (2016) 34–39.