Effect of ratio Pluronic P123 and gelatin on titania as a catalyst in methylene blue degradation

Main Article Content

Maria Ulfa
Indriyani Pangestuti

Abstract

This study explores the influence of the gelatin-to-Pluronic P123 molar ratio on the synthesis, structural properties, and photocatalytic performance of titania for methylene blue degradation. Gelatin, employed as a biotemplate alongside Pluronic P123, effectively modulates the physicochemical characteristics of titania. As the gelatin content increases, significant changes are observed in oxygen incorporation, pore morphology, and crystallinity. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) reveals a progressive increase in surface oxygen content from 10% (T-Gl) to 29% (T-Gh), indicating strong interactions between gelatin’s NH? groups and titanium species. FTIR analysis confirms enhanced Ti–O–Ti bonding, with peak transmittance intensities reaching 79.857% in T-Gh. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements verify mesoporosity across all samples, with pore diameters ranging from 12.4 nm to 14.8 nm and surface areas from 27.69 to 31.67 m²/g. Crystallite sizes, determined by XRD, range between 4.27 nm and 8.56 nm, while the crystallinity varies from 45.81% to 54.55%. Despite having a lower surface area, T-Gm exhibits excellent photocatalytic efficiency (90.23%) due to favorable pore and crystallite characteristics. T-Gh demonstrates the highest performance (92.90%), attributed to its oxygen-rich surface, moderate crystallinity, and balanced mesoporous framework that enhances charge separation and dye adsorption. These findings underscore the critical role of gelatin-to-P123 ratio control in tailoring structural and surface functionalities of titania, thereby offering a sustainable strategy for designing efficient photocatalysts for environmental remediation. The developed biotemplated synthesis approach not only enhances photocatalytic performance but also promotes the use of eco-friendly and cost-effective materials, making it highly beneficial for scalable applications in wastewater treatment.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Ulfa, M., & Pangestuti, I. (2025). Effect of ratio Pluronic P123 and gelatin on titania as a catalyst in methylene blue degradation. Communications in Science and Technology, 10(1), 59-67. https://doi.org/10.21924/cst.10.1.2025.1614
Section
Articles

References

Synthesis and characterisation of mesoporous anatase TiO2 with highly crystalline framework. 2013.

P.K. Jaseela, J. Garvasis and A. Joseph, Selective Adsorption Of Methylene Blue (Mb) Dye From Aqueous Mixture Of Mb And Methyl Orange (Mo) Using Mesoporous Titania (Tio2) – Poly Vinyl Alcohol (Pva) Nanocomposite, J. Mol. Liq. 286 (2019), pp. 110908.

W.K. Essa, S.A. Yasin, A.H. Abdullah, M.R. Thalji, I.A. Saeed, M.A. Assiri et al., Polyethylene Terephthalate Nanofiber-Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composite, Water 25 (2022).

L. Usgodaarachchi, C. Thambiliyagodage, R. Wijesekera and M.G. Bakker, Synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles derived from rice husk and surface-controlled amine functionalization for efficient adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution, Curr. Res. Green Sustain. Chem. 4 (2021).

M. Ulfa and I. Setiarini, The Effect of Zinc Oxide Supported on Gelatin Mesoporous Silica (GSBA-15) on Structural Character and Their Methylene Blue Photodegradation Performance, Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal. 17 (2022), pp. 363–374.

M. Ulfa, H. Al Afif, T.E. Saraswati and H. Bahruji, Fast Removal of Methylene Blue via Adsorption-Photodegradation on TiO2/SBA-15 Synthesized by Slow Calcination, Materials (Basel). 15 (2022), pp. 1–13.

M. Ulfa, D. Prasetyoko, H. Bahruji and R.E. Nugraha, Pluronic F127-Gelatin Template for Adsorption and Photodegradation of Ibuprofen, (2021).

M. Tuna, G. Yanalak, G. Arslan and I. Hatay, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing Green preparation of Carbon Quantum dots using Gingko biloba to sensitize TiO 2 for the photohydrogen production, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 109 (2020), pp. 104945.

A. Mancuso, O. Sacco, V. Vaiano, B. Bonelli, S. Esposito, F.S. Freyria et al., Visible light-driven photocatalytic activity and kinetics of fe-doped tio2 prepared by a three-block copolymer templating approach, Materials (Basel). 14 (2021).

J. Górka, C. Fenning and M. Jaroniec, Influence of temperature, carbon precursor/copolymer ratio and acid concentration on adsorption and structural properties of mesoporous carbons prepared by soft-templating, Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 352 (2009), pp. 113–117.

M. Jaroniec, J. Gorka, J. Choma and A. Zawislak, Synthesis and properties of mesoporous carbons with high loadings of inorganic species, Carbon N. Y. 47 (2009), pp. 3034–3040.

M. Ulfa, D. Prasetyoko and H. Bahruji, Hexagonal Flake- Like Hematite ( ? -Fe 2 O 3 ) Prepared by Hybrid Pluronic F127-Gelatin as Eco-Friendly Template for Adsorption of Ibuprofen, (2021), pp. 1–15.

R.H. John Korthrop and M. Kusitz, Swelling Bxd Hydration of Gelatixi, J. Phys. Chem. 35 (1930) 162–184.

A. V. Nakhate and G.D. Yadav, Cu2O nanoparticles supported hydrothermal carbon microspheres as catalyst for propargylamine synthesis, Mol. Catal. 451 (2018), pp. 209–219.

M. Ulfa, D. Prasetyoko, W. Trisunaryanti, H. Bahruji, Z.A. Fadila and N.A. Sholeha, The effect of gelatin as pore expander in green synthesis mesoporous silica for methylene blue adsorption, Sci. Rep. 12 (2022), pp. 1–12.

J. Shin, C. Andreas Hutomo, J. Kim, J. Jang and C. Beum Park, Natural pollen exine-templated synthesis of photocatalytic metal oxides with high surface area and oxygen vacancies, Appl. Surf. Sci. 599 (2022), pp. 154064.

L.M. Hemmingsen, N. Škalko-Basnet and M.W. Jøraholmen, The expanded role of chitosan in localized antimicrobial therapy, Mar. Drugs 19 (2021).

B. Wang, J. Lan, C. Bo, B. Gong and J. Ou, Adsorption of heavy metal onto biomass-derived activated carbon: review, RSC Adv. 13 (2023), pp. 4275–4302.

C.B.D. Marien, C. Marchal, A. Koch, D. Robert and P. Drogui, Sol-gel synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles: effect of Pluronic P123 on particle’s morphology and photocatalytic degradation of paraquat, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24 (2017), pp. 12582–12588.

M. Ulfa, C. Nur and N. Amalia, Fine-tuning mesoporous silica properties by a dual-template ratio as TiO2 support for dye photodegradation booster, Heliyon 9 (2023), pp. e16275.

M. Ulfa, I.U. Hasanah and H. Bahruji, Understanding the regenerating capacity on photodegradation of methylene blue of titania supported mesoporous silica with the aid of gelatin-P123 as bitemplate, Commun. Sci. Technol. 9 (2024), pp. 282–290.

M. Rani and U. Shanker, Green Synthesis of TiO2 and Its Photocatalytic Activity, 2020.

U. Mgwetyana, M.E. Makhatha, M. Mamo and P. Ndungu, Synthesis And Characterization Of Mesoporous Titania Using A Synthetic (Pluronic P123) And A Natural (Gum Arabic) Templating Agent, Mater. Today Proc. 5 (2018), pp. 10585–10591.

Rose petal and P123 dual-templated macro-mesoporous TiO2 for a hydrogen peroxide biosensor. 2018.

M. Alijani and B.K. Kaleji, Optical and structural properties of TiO2 nanopowders with Ce/Sn doping at various calcination temperature and time, Opt. Quantum Electron. 49 (2017), pp. 1–16.

Mesoporous TiO2 with wormlike structure synthesized via interfacial surfactant assisted route. 2005.

C. Byrne, R. Fagan, S. Hinder, D.E. McCormack and S.C. Pillai, New approach of modifying the anatase to rutile transition temperature in TiO2 photocatalysts, RSC Adv. 6 (2016), pp. 95232–95238.

M. Mahalakshmi and A. Professor, The synthesis and optical properties of TiO 2 thin film by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) method, 13 (2014), pp. 424–427.

U. Nwankwo, R. Bucher, A.B.C. Ekwealor, S. Khamlich, M. Maaza and F.I. Ezema, Synthesis and characterizations of rutile-TiO2 nanoparticles derived from chitin for potential photocatalytic applications, Vacuum 161 (2019), pp. 49–54.

A. Beagan, K. Alotaibi, M. Almakhlafi, W. Algarabli, N. Alajmi, M. Alanazi et al., Amine and sulfonic acid functionalized mesoporous silica as an effective adsorbent for removal of methylene blue from contaminated water, J. King Saud Univ. - Sci. 34 (2022), pp. 101762.

B. Srikanth, R. Goutham, R. Badri Narayan, A. Ramprasath, K.P. Gopinath and A.R. Sankaranarayanan, Recent advancements in supporting materials for immobilised photocatalytic applications in waste water treatment, J. Environ. Manage. 200 (2017), pp. 60–78.

C.H.A. Tsang, K. Li, Y. Zeng, W. Zhao, T. Zhang, Y. Zhan et al., Titanium oxide based photocatalytic materials development and their role of in the air pollutants degradation: Overview and forecast, Environ. Int. 125 (2019), pp. 200–228.

M.L.V.P. Chippada, B.B.V. Sailaja, T. Siva Rao, G. Divya, S.R. Nayak, B.S. Manogna et al., Structural modification of nano titania by doping with Barium and Copper – Impact on photocatalysis: Applications in degradation of dye and pathogens, Hybrid Adv. 3 (2023), pp. 100033.

M. Liu, F. Yu, L. Niu and H. Chi, Advances in nano fi ltration membrane pore size adjustment techniques?: A review, Environ. Funct. Mater. (2025).

G. Zerjav, K. Zizek, J. Zavasnik and A. Pintar, Brookite vs. rutile vs. anatase: What’s behind their various photocatalytic activities?, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 10 (2022).

S.C. Padmanabhan, S.C. Pillai, J. Colreavy, S. Balakrishnan, D.E. McCormack, T.S. Perova et al., A simple sol - Gel processing for the development of high-temperature stable photoactive anatase titania, Chem. Mater. 19 (2007), pp. 4474–4481.

E.K. Moore, A. Ostroverkhova, D. Hummer, S. Morrison, Y. Peralta and S.J. Spielman, The influence of oxygen and electronegativity on iron mineral chemistry throughout Earth’s history, Precambrian Res. 386 (2023).

F. Dalto, I. Ku?niarska-Biernacka, C. Pereira, E. Mesquita, O.S.G.P. Soares, M.F.R. Pereira et al., Solar light-induced methylene blue removal over TiO2/AC composites and photocatalytic regeneration, Nanomaterials 11 (2021).

V.R. Chelli, S. Chakraborty and A.K. Golder, Ag-doping on TiO2 using plant-based glycosidic compounds for high photonic efficiency degradative oxidation under visible light, J. Mol. Liq. 271 (2018), pp. 380–388.

Y. Li, Z. Ren, Z. He, P. Ouyang, Y. Duan, W. Zhang et al., Crystallinity-defect matching relationship of g-C3N4: Experimental and theoretical perspectives, Green Energy Environ. 9 (2024), pp. 623–658.

A. Soleimani-Gorgani, H.E. Al-Hazmi, A. Esmaeili and S. Habibzadeh, Screen-printed Sn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles for photocatalytic dye removal from wastewater: A technological perspective, Environ. Res. 237 (2023), pp. 117079.

O.L. Stroyuk, O.Y. Rayevska, V. V. Shvalagin, S.Y. Kuchmiy, D. V. Bavykin, E.A. Streltsov et al., Gelatin-templated mesoporous titania for photocatalytic air treatment and application in metal chalcogenide nanoparticle-sensitized solar cells, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 12 (2013), pp. 621–625.