Microwave-assisted extraction of eco-friendly surfactant from Jatropha curcas for sustainable solubilization of reactive dyes
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Abstract
Natural surfactants derived from plant-based sources, such as saponins, remain underexplored. This study developed the extraction of saponins from Jatropha curcas leaves using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) finding that the optimized condition of 3 min, 363.15 K, 30 mL/g ratio of extraction yielded the highest saponin content of 35.04 mg/g. The FTIR and HPLC analyses confirmed the structural similarity between the extract and commercial saponin. Additionally, the extracted saponins effectively solubilized Remazol Red RB and Blue TQ with solubilization efficiency increasing proportionally to the surfactant concentration. The surfactant properties of the extracted saponin were also confirmed by its ability to form foam and high critical micellar concentration, which revealed the potential for material valorization. This work demonstrated that the development of plant-based surfactants provides a sustainable alternative to synthetic surfactants. Moreover, valorizing natural materials contributes to the advancement of eco-friendly technologies, particularly in waste treatment and water purification applications.
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Aryanti, N., Khoiriyah, L., Nafiunisa, A., Ratnawati, Widiasa, I. N., Zakki, A., & Adina, A. R. (2025). Microwave-assisted extraction of eco-friendly surfactant from Jatropha curcas for sustainable solubilization of reactive dyes. Communications in Science and Technology, 10(1), 52-58. https://doi.org/10.21924/cst.10.1.2025.1636
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References
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N.H. Ramli, S. Yusup, A.T. Quitain, K. Johari, B.W. Bin Kueh, Optimization of saponin extracts using microwave-assisted extraction as a sustainable biopesticide to reduce Pomacea canaliculata population in paddy cultivation, Sustain. Chem. Pharm. 11 (2019) 23–35.
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R. ElGamal, C. Song, A.M. Rayan, C. Liu, S. Al-Rejaie, G. ElMasry, Thermal Degradation of Bioactive Compounds during Drying Process of Horticultural and Agronomic Products: A Comprehensive Overview, Agronomy 13 (2023).
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N. Aryanti, A. Nafiunisa, N. Bella, R. Sanjaya, D.H. Wardhani, A.C. Kumoro, Kinetics of ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanin from purple roselle calyces under different PH conditions, Chem. Chem. Technol. 12 (2018) 523–528.
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A.R. Tehrani-bagha, K. Holmberg, Solubilization of Hydrophobic Dyes in Surfactant Solutions, Materials (Basel). 6 (2013) 580–608.
A. Date, R. Ishizuka, N. Matubayasi, Energetics of nonpolar and polar compounds in cationic, anionic, and nonionic micelles studied by all-atom molecular dynamics simulation combined with a theory of solutions, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18 (2016) 13223–13231.
J. Huang, F. Yuan, G. Zeng, X. Li, Y. Gu, L. Shi, W. Liu, Y. Shi, Influence of pH on heavy metal speciation and removal from wastewater using micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration, Chemosphere 173 (2017) 199–206.
M.K. Purkait, S. DasGupta, S. De, Resistance in series model for micellar enhanced ultrafiltration of eosin dye, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 270 (2004) 496–506.
N. Aryanti, A. Nafiunisa, T.D. Kusworo, D.H. Wardhani, Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration using a plant-derived surfactant for dye separation in wastewater treatment, Membranes (Basel). 10 (2020)
D. Yaw, B. Mamo, N. Yekeen, A. Demisi, A state-of-the-art review on the application of natural surfactants in enhanced oil recovery, J. Mol. Liq. 321 (2021) 114888.
A.D.K. Wibowo, R. Megawati, V.K. Setyaningrum, E.W. Putri, Joelianingsih, A.S. Handayani, M.D. Solikhah, A. Chafidz, Investigating potential application of bio-based polymeric surfactant using methyl ester from palm oil for chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR), Commun. Sci. Technol. 8 (2023) 235–242.
B.L. Pelegrini, F.M.B. Fernandes, T. Fernandes, J.H. de Oliveira, H.C. Rosseto, A.G.O. Junior, A. V. Reis, E. V. Castelani, F.N.C. Sobral, W.V.I. Shirabayashi, L. Benyahia, C. Chassenieux, M.M. de Souza Lima, Novel green strategy to improve the hydrophobicity of cellulose nanocrystals and the interfacial elasticity of Pickering emulsions, Springer Netherlands, 2021.
F.I. Uche, J.S. Aprioku, The Phytochemical Constituents , Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of Jatropha curcas leaves in Mice and Wister albino rats ., J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manag. 12 (2010) 99–102.
B. Sarvin, E. Stekolshchikova, I. Rodin, A. Stavrianidi, O. Shpigun, Optimization and comparison of di ff erent techniques for complete extraction of saponins from T . terrestris, J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants 8 (2018) 75–82.
N. Aryanti, A. Nafiunisa, T.D. Kusworo, D.H. Wardhani, Dye solubilization ability of plant derived surfactant from Sapindus rarak DC. extracted with the assistance of ultrasonic waves, Environ. Technol. Innov. 22 (2021) 101450.
Y.A. Bhadange, J. Carpenter, V.K. Saharan, A Comprehensive Review on Advanced Extraction Techniques for Retrieving Bioactive Components from Natural Sources, ACS Omega 9 (2024) 31274–31297.
Y. Chen, M. Xie, X. Gong, Microwave-assisted extraction used for the isolation of total triterpenoid saponins from Ganoderma atrum, J. Food Eng. 81 (2007) 162–170.
C.S. Eskilsson, E. Bjorklund, Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction, J. Chromatogr. A 902 (2000) 227–250.
J. Kwon, J.M.R. Be, J.R.J. Pare, Application of the microwave-assisted process ( MAP TM § ) to the fast extraction of ginseng saponins, Food Res. Int. 36 (2003) 491–498.
C.Y. Cheok, H. Abdel, K. Salman, R. Sulaiman, Extraction and quantification of saponins?: A review, Food Res. Int. 59 (2014) 16–40.
S. Akbari, N. Hamid, R. Mohd, A. Hassan, A. Alsaggaf, N. Ahmed, LC-QTOF-MS analysis of phenolics and saponins extracted from Aloe vera leaves via microwave technology in optimal condition, South African J. Bot. 139 (2021) 362–373.
B. Dahmoune, F. Houma-Bachari, M. Chibane, C. Akrour-Aissou, J.P. Guégan, T. Vives, P. Jéhan, F. Dahmoune, L. Mouni, V. Ferrières, D. Hauchard, Microwave assisted extraction of bioactive saponins from the starfish Echinaster sepositus: Optimization by response surface methodology and comparison with ultrasound and conventional solvent extraction, Chem. Eng. Process. - Process Intensif. 163 (2021).
S. Akbari, N. Hamid, R. Mohd, Optimization of saponins, phenolics, and antioxidants extracted from fenugreek seeds using microwave-assisted extraction and response surface methodology as an optimizing tool, Comptes Rendus - Chim. 22 (2019) 714–727.
M.Y. Heng, S.N. Tan, J.W.H. Yong, E.S. Ong, Emerging green technologies for the chemical standardization of botanicals and herbal preparations, TrAC - Trends Anal. Chem. 50 (2013) 1–10.
K. Samal, C. Das, K. Mohanty, Dyes and Pigments Eco-friendly biosurfactant saponin for the solubilization of cationic and anionic dyes in aqueous system, Dye. Pigment. 140 (2017) 100–108.
O.R. Alara, N.H. Abdurahman, Kinetics studies on effects of extraction techniques on bioactive compounds from Vernonia cinerea leaf, J. Food Sci. Technol. 56 (2019) 580–588.
J. Tippel, M. Lehmann, R. Von Klitzing, S. Drusch, Interfacial properties of Quillaja saponins and its use for micellisation of lutein esters, Food Chem. 212 (2016) 35–42.
J.K. Cao, D.F. Zhou, Y.B. Zhang, Improvements in the surface tension measurement using the capillary rise method and its application to water under external magnetic fields, J. Mol. Liq. 382 (2023).
N.H. Ramli, S. Yusup, A.T. Quitain, K. Johari, B.W. Bin Kueh, Optimization of saponin extracts using microwave-assisted extraction as a sustainable biopesticide to reduce Pomacea canaliculata population in paddy cultivation, Sustain. Chem. Pharm. 11 (2019) 23–35.
H. Imuetinyan, A. Agi, A. Gbadamosi, R. Junin, Extraction, characterization and evaluation of saponin-based natural surfactant for enhanced oil recovery, Arab. J. Geosci. 15 (2022).
S. Ji, Y. Wang, X. Shao, C. Zhu, Y. Lin, S. Gao, D. Tang, Extraction and purification of triterpenoid saponins from licorice by ionic liquid based extraction combined with in situ alkaline aqueous biphasic systems, Sep. Purif. Technol. 247 (2020) 116953.
G. Spigno, L. Tramelli, D.M. De Faveri, Effects of extraction time, temperature and solvent on concentration and antioxidant activity of grape marc phenolics, J. Food Eng. 81 (2007) 200–208.
G. Peron, I. Ferrarese, N. Carmo Dos Santos, F. Rizzo, G. Gargari, N. Bertoli, E. Gobbi, A. Perosa, M. Selva, S. Dall’Acqua, Sustainable Extraction of Bioactive Compounds and Nutrients from Agri-Food Wastes: Potential Reutilization of Berry, Honey, and Chicory Byproducts, Appl. Sci. 14 (2024).
N. Singh, D. Panwar, G. Kumar, P. Kashyap, New horizons for the enhanced recovery of phenolic compounds by integration of natural deep eutectic solvents and microwave-assisted extraction, Food Biosci. 60 (2024).
V.T. Nguyen, M.D. Le, T.T.T. Nguyen, T.T. Khong, V.H. Nguyen, H.N. Nguyen, B.N.D. Huynh, H.T.M. Tran, T.S. Trang, Microwave?assisted extraction for optimizing saponin yield and antioxidant capacity from cacao pod husk (Theobroma cacao L.), J. Food Process. Preserv. 45 (2020).
F. Chen, Y. Sun, G. Zhao, X. Liao, X. Hu, J. Wu, Z. Wang, Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins in red raspberries and identification of anthocyanins in extract using high-performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry, 14 (2007) 767–778.
R. ElGamal, C. Song, A.M. Rayan, C. Liu, S. Al-Rejaie, G. ElMasry, Thermal Degradation of Bioactive Compounds during Drying Process of Horticultural and Agronomic Products: A Comprehensive Overview, Agronomy 13 (2023).
C. Picot-Allain, M.F. Mahomoodally, G. Ak, G. Zengin, Conventional versus green extraction techniques — a comparative perspective, Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 40 (2021) 144–156.
N. Aryanti, A. Nafiunisa, N. Bella, R. Sanjaya, D.H. Wardhani, A.C. Kumoro, Kinetics of ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanin from purple roselle calyces under different PH conditions, Chem. Chem. Technol. 12 (2018) 523–528.
G. Caetano, R. de Matos Machado, B.D. Ribeiro, I.M. Marrucho, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Saponins from Beet Leaves for Soil Decontamination, ACS Sustain. Resour. Manag. 1 (2024) 539–547.
U.A. Basilio-Cortes, O. Tzintzun-Camacho, O. Grimaldo-Juárez, D. Durán-Hernández, A. Suarez-Vargas, C.C. Durán, A. Salazar-Navarro, L.A. González-Anguiano, D. González-Mendoza, Impact of Temperature on the Bioactive Compound Content of Aqueous Extracts of Humulus lupulus L. with Different Alpha and Beta Acid Content: A New Potential Antifungal Alternative, Microbiol. Res. (Pavia). 14 (2023) 205–217.
Y. Shi, F. Yan, Q. Jia, Q. Wang, Norm descriptors for predicting the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of anionic surfactants, Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 583 (2019) 123967.
K. Samal, C. Das, K. Mohanty, Application of saponin biosurfactant and its recovery in the MEUF process for removal of methyl violet from wastewater, J. Environ. Manage. 203 (2017) 8–16.
S.P. Verma, B. Sarkar, Use of rhamnolipid in micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration for simultaneous removal of Cd+2 and crystal violet from aqueous solution, Asia-Pacific J. Chem. Eng. 14 (2019) 1–22.
A.R. Tehrani-bagha, K. Holmberg, Solubilization of Hydrophobic Dyes in Surfactant Solutions, Materials (Basel). 6 (2013) 580–608.
A. Date, R. Ishizuka, N. Matubayasi, Energetics of nonpolar and polar compounds in cationic, anionic, and nonionic micelles studied by all-atom molecular dynamics simulation combined with a theory of solutions, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18 (2016) 13223–13231.
J. Huang, F. Yuan, G. Zeng, X. Li, Y. Gu, L. Shi, W. Liu, Y. Shi, Influence of pH on heavy metal speciation and removal from wastewater using micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration, Chemosphere 173 (2017) 199–206.
M.K. Purkait, S. DasGupta, S. De, Resistance in series model for micellar enhanced ultrafiltration of eosin dye, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 270 (2004) 496–506.