Artificial Diet for the Cultivation of Eri Silkworm (Samia ricini Drury 1773) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
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Keywords:
Artificial Diet, Castor, Ericulture, Hemolymph, Wild silkworm
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Abstract
The objective of this present study was to identify a suitable artificial diet formulation to support the development of eri silkworms, with castor leaves (Ricinus communis) constituting the primary ingredient. The quality of the artificial diet was evaluated using neonate larvae, comparing it to fresh castor leaves. The nutritional value was assessed by analyzing the protein content in the hemolymph of fifth-instar larvae using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and proximate analysis. The findings demonstrated that an artificial diet containing castor leaf powder during early instars, with fresh leaves being incorporated into the diet later instars, resulted in higher larval protein content. The weight of cocoon, empty cocoon, and pupa was 1.59 ± 0.05 g, 0.23 ± 0.02 g, and 1.37 ± 0.05 g, respectively. The shell ratio, female wingspan, and egg fertility were found to be 15.31 ± 0.11%, 2.42 ± 0.20 cm, and 79.2 ± 5.83 eggs, respectively. Formulation P2 exhibited the lowest larval mortality (4.23 ± 0.58%) and hemolymph protein content of 27.51 μg/mL These findings are of imperative for the cultivation of eri silk worm using artificial diet to avoid pathogen contamination and controllable nutrient content considering the early larval instar that is highly sensitive to microbes and nutrient deficiencies.
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Barid, S. S. A. Q., Ramadhani, F. S., Purwanto, H., Saragih, H. T., Aldawood, A. S., Nuringtyas, T. R., & Sukirno. (2025). Artificial Diet for the Cultivation of Eri Silkworm (Samia ricini Drury 1773) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) . Communications in Science and Technology, 10(2), 343–351. https://doi.org/10.21924/cst.10.2.2025.1781
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References
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20. R. K. Gokulakrishnaa, S. Thirunavukkarasu, Efficacy of artificial diet on economic parameters of eri silkworm (Samia ricini Donovan ), Uttar Pradesh J. Zool. 44 (2023) 32-36.
21. T. A. Coudron, C. L. Goodman, W. A. Jones, R. Leopold, Development of an artificial diet and evaluation of artificial ovipositional substrates for the in vitro rearing of Gonatocerus spp. Parasitoids of the eggs of the glassy-winged sharshooter. Agric. Tech. Bull. Agric. Res. Serv. Columbia (2004) 304–305
22. D. T. Plummer, An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. India: Tata mcgraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1971.
23. S. Mamoucha, N. Tsafantakis, N. Fokialakis, N. S. Christodoulakis, Structural and phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Ricinus communis, Aust. J. Bot. 65 (2016) 58-66.
24. J. Deuri, P. K. Barua, M. C. Sarmah, S. A. Ahmed, Biochemical attributes of castor and tapioca leaves, the promising food plants of eri silkworm (Samia ricini Donovan), Int. J. Ecol. Ecosol. 4 (2017) 1-4.
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27. D. Brahma, R. R. Kashyap, H. Mwchahary, F. Narzary, Artificial diet for Samia ricini: key considerations and formulation strategies–a review, J. Insects Food Feed 10 (2023) 637-650.
28. J. Li, J. Deng, X. Deng, L. Liu, X. Zha, Metabonomic analysis of silkworm midgut reveals differences between the physiological effects of an artificial and mulberry leaf diet, Insects 14 (2023) 1-13.
29. M. Sumida, T. Yuhki, R. Chen, H. Mori, T. Imamura, F. Matsubara, Aseptic rearing of original silkworm strains on an artificial diet throughout the entire larval instars, J. Seric. Sci. Japan. 64 (1995) 35-38.
30. L. Cappellozza, S. Cappellozza, A. Saviane, G. Sbrenna, Artificial diet rearing system for the silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae): effect of vitamin C deprivation on larval growth and cocoon production, Appl. Entomol. Zool. 40 (2005) 405-412.
31. S. Murali, S. Singh, Screening and identification of selected bivoltine breeds to workout nutrigenetic traits by conversion efficiency of mulberry leaves for determining growth and development of silkworm, Bombyx Mori L. During autumn season under subtropical region of Jammu, J. Exp. Zool. India. 24 (2021) 15.
32. K. Shifa et al., Evaluation of different strains of eri silkworms (Samia cynthia ricini B.) For their adaptability and silk yield in Ethiopia, Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J. 4 (2015) 93-97.
33 P. Mangammal, S. G. Devi, Influence of artificial diet on larvae of eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval, Madras Agric. J. 99 (2012) 390-393.
34. S. S. A. Q. Barid, J. Prihatin, and N. I. I. Savira, Budidaya Ulat Sutra Eri (Samia cynthia ricini). Jember: Inti Karya Aksara, 2021.
35. S. K. Das, L. C. Dutta, and R. L. Deka, Phenology and cocoon characters of eri silkworm (Samia ricini boisduvial) affected by temperature and humidity at Jorhat, Assam. J. Agrometeorol. 23 (2021) 256–259.
36. J. Tungjitwitayakul and N. Tatun, Comparison of biological and biochemical parameters of eri-silkworms, Samia cynthia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), reared on artificial and natural diets, J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 5 (2017) 314-319.
37. B. Anujaa, Manickavasagam, S. B. Vignesh, Studies on cocoon and grainage parameters of eri silkworm Samia ricini (Donovan) influenced by artifical diet studies on cocoon and grainage parameters of eri silkworm Samia ricini (Donovan) influenced by artificial diet, Int. J. Res. Anal. Rev.883 (2022) 883-893.
38. S. Pavankumar, K. Bali, S. Chanotra, Ascendancy of organic based nutrients for boosting rearing performance of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 9(2020)1665-1671.
39. J. Prihatin, J. Situmorang, Pakan buatan menggunakan daun jambu mete untuk ulat sutra emas Cricula trifenestrata Helf (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), Teknosains. 14 (2001) 397-408.
40. L. Ruth et al., Influence of micronutrients on the food consumption rate and silk production of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) reared on mulberry plants grown in a mountainous agro-ecological condition, Front. Physiol. 10 (2019) 1-11.
41. O. Y. Marito, A. I. Huwaida, V. A. Ramadhan, F. X. R. S. Harijanto, S. B. Harmami, M. Gozan, A simulation-based feasibility assessment of malic acid production from molasses using Rhizopus arrhizus." Comm. Sci. Technol. 10 (2025) 125-134.
42. Y. Kikuchi, S. Hotta, Y. Higuchi, Studies on the artificial dry food for non-mulberry silkworm. Study and utilization of non-mulberry silkworms, Symp. XVI Int. Congr. Entomol. (1980) 33-38.
43. H. L. Dong, S. X. Zhang, H. Tao, Z. H. Chen, X. Li, J. F. Qiu, W. Z. Cui, Y. H. Sima, W. Z. Cui, S. Q. Xu, Metabolomics differences between silkworms (Bombyx mori) reared on fresh mulberry (Morus) leaves or artificial diets, Sci. Reeports 7 (2017) 10972.
44. C. Lalmuankimi, I. Gogoi, T. A. Singha, Effect of plant extracts on larval growth parameters of eri silkworm, Samia ricini Boisd., Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci 9 12 (2020) 2655-2661.
45. L. Ruth, S. Ghatak, S. Subbarayan, B. N. Choudhury, G. Gurusubramanian, N. S. Kumar, T. Bin, Influence of micronutrients on the food consumption rate and silk production of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) reared on mulberry plants grown in a mountainous agro-ecological condition, Front. Physiol. 10 (2019) 878.
46. Y. Boboyev, C. Bekkamov, S. Nurmanova, N. Aminbayeva, Impact of change in air temperature on the biological parameters of larvae and productivity of silkworm cocoons, In BIO Web of Conferences 65 (2023) 01020. EDP Sciences.
47. R. Alisher, S. Sharifjon, R. Akmal, Study of the influence of silkworm feeding conditions on the quality of cocoons and properties of the cocoon shell, Eng. 11 (2019) 755.
2. S. Mahanta, S. Barua, B. Neog, A. Neog, Development of time series model for production of silk farming in Assam. Pharma Innov.12 (2023) 3296–3303.
3. N. Lalitha, B. B. Singha, B. Das, B. Choudhury, Impact of climate change in prospects of eri silkworm seed production in Assam-A review. Inno. Farm. 5 (2020) 10–14.
4. G. Renuka, G. Shamitha, Studies on the economic traits of Eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini, in relation to seasonal variations. Int. J. Adv. Res. 2 (2014) 315-322.
5. N. Nurlaela, Strategi pengembangan desa wisata berbasis kearifan lokal di desa tammangalle. J. PWK. 7 (2018) 132–141.
6. Agusfartham et al, Pelatihan budi daya murbei dan pemeliharaan ulat sutra bagi kelompok penenun di desa renggeang kabupaten polewali mandar, BERNAS J. Pengab. Masy.. 4 (2023) 1047–1051.
7. A. Widiarti, L. Andadari, S. Suharti, Y. Heryati, D. Yuniati, R. Agustarini, Partnership model for sericulture development to improve farmer’s welfare (a case study at bina mandiri farmer group at Sukabumi Regency), IOP Conference Series Earth Envir. Sci. 917 (2021) 012009.
8. P. Shekar and M. Hardingham, Sericulture and silk production: A handbook. Intermediate Technology Publications. London: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1995.
9. S. Sukirno et al., The effectiveness of Samia ricini Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) and Attacus atlas L. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) cocoon extracts as ultraviolet protectants of Bacillus thuringiensis for controlling Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 42 (2022) 255–260.
10. S. Sukirno, S. Sumarmi, R. C. H. Soesilohadi, I. Sudaryadi, H. Purwanto, A. S. Aldawood, The effects of ultraviolet B on the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki formulations against tobacco armyworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), HAYATI J. Biosci. 30 (2023) 17–27.
11. M. C. Sarmah, B. N. Sarkar, S. A. Ahmed, K. Giridhar, Performance of C2 breed of eri silkworm, Samia ricini (Donovan) in different food plants, Entomol. App. Sci. Let. 2 (2015) 47-49.
12. A. Shakilla, Z. Zamarudah, D. A. Rahmasari, S. N. Aini, S. A. Mardiyani, Pelatihan pemanfaatan daun jarak (Ricinus Communis) sebagai pakan ulat sutera eri, Cendekia J. Pengab. Masy. 4(2022): 7-12.
13. I. A. Setiyawan, E. Fitasari, Pengaruh perbedaan tiga jenis daun ketela pohon terhadap konsumsi dan konversi pakan ulat sutera Samia cynthia, J. Trop. Anim. Prod. 19 (2018) 32-37.
14. S. I. Hassan, S. H. Rateb, K. M. Mohanny, M. H. Hussein, Efficiency of some plants powder mix as a dietary supplement for silkworm (Bombyx mori), SVU-Int. J. Agric. Sci. 2 (2020) 378-383.
15. M. Ohura, M. Li, Automatic artificial diet feeding system for rearing silkworm, Bombyx mori, J. Insect Biotechnol. Sericol. 70 (2021) 59-62.
16. T. Fukuda, A semi-synthetic diet for eri-silkworm raising, Agric. Biolo. Chem. 27 (1963) 601-609.
17. A. Paudel, S. Panthee, H. Hamamoto, K. Sekimizu, A simple artificial diet available for research of silkworm disease models, Drug Discov. Ther. 14(2020) 177-180.
18. A. R. Moise, L. L. Pop, T. V. Vezeteu, B. Domuț, C. Pasca, D. S. Dezmirean, Artificial diet of silkworms ( Bombyx Mori ) improved with bee pollen - biotechnological approach in global centre of excellence for advanced research in sericulture and promotion of silk production, Bull. UASVM Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 77 (2020).
19. S. Sukirno, J. Situmorang, S. Sumarmi, R. C. H. Soesilohadi, Evaluation of Artificial Diets for Attacus atlas ( Lepidoptera : Saturniidae) in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia, J. Econ. Entomol. 106 (2013) 2364–2370.
20. R. K. Gokulakrishnaa, S. Thirunavukkarasu, Efficacy of artificial diet on economic parameters of eri silkworm (Samia ricini Donovan ), Uttar Pradesh J. Zool. 44 (2023) 32-36.
21. T. A. Coudron, C. L. Goodman, W. A. Jones, R. Leopold, Development of an artificial diet and evaluation of artificial ovipositional substrates for the in vitro rearing of Gonatocerus spp. Parasitoids of the eggs of the glassy-winged sharshooter. Agric. Tech. Bull. Agric. Res. Serv. Columbia (2004) 304–305
22. D. T. Plummer, An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. India: Tata mcgraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1971.
23. S. Mamoucha, N. Tsafantakis, N. Fokialakis, N. S. Christodoulakis, Structural and phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Ricinus communis, Aust. J. Bot. 65 (2016) 58-66.
24. J. Deuri, P. K. Barua, M. C. Sarmah, S. A. Ahmed, Biochemical attributes of castor and tapioca leaves, the promising food plants of eri silkworm (Samia ricini Donovan), Int. J. Ecol. Ecosol. 4 (2017) 1-4.
25. U. K. Andreja, T. Ugulin, A. Pausic, J. Rabensteiner, V. Bukovac, M. M. Petkovsek, F. Janzekovic, T. Bakonyi, R. L. Bercic, M. Felicijan, Morphometric and biochemical screening of old mulberry trees (Morus alba L.) In the former sericulture region of Slovenia, Act. Soc. Botanic. Pol. 88 (2019) 1-22.
26. A. S. Iqbal, K. Neetha, S. K. Vootla, Bioactive secondary metabolites of wild antheraea mylitta silkworm cocoons. In Moths and Caterpillars. Intechopen (2021).
27. D. Brahma, R. R. Kashyap, H. Mwchahary, F. Narzary, Artificial diet for Samia ricini: key considerations and formulation strategies–a review, J. Insects Food Feed 10 (2023) 637-650.
28. J. Li, J. Deng, X. Deng, L. Liu, X. Zha, Metabonomic analysis of silkworm midgut reveals differences between the physiological effects of an artificial and mulberry leaf diet, Insects 14 (2023) 1-13.
29. M. Sumida, T. Yuhki, R. Chen, H. Mori, T. Imamura, F. Matsubara, Aseptic rearing of original silkworm strains on an artificial diet throughout the entire larval instars, J. Seric. Sci. Japan. 64 (1995) 35-38.
30. L. Cappellozza, S. Cappellozza, A. Saviane, G. Sbrenna, Artificial diet rearing system for the silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae): effect of vitamin C deprivation on larval growth and cocoon production, Appl. Entomol. Zool. 40 (2005) 405-412.
31. S. Murali, S. Singh, Screening and identification of selected bivoltine breeds to workout nutrigenetic traits by conversion efficiency of mulberry leaves for determining growth and development of silkworm, Bombyx Mori L. During autumn season under subtropical region of Jammu, J. Exp. Zool. India. 24 (2021) 15.
32. K. Shifa et al., Evaluation of different strains of eri silkworms (Samia cynthia ricini B.) For their adaptability and silk yield in Ethiopia, Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J. 4 (2015) 93-97.
33 P. Mangammal, S. G. Devi, Influence of artificial diet on larvae of eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval, Madras Agric. J. 99 (2012) 390-393.
34. S. S. A. Q. Barid, J. Prihatin, and N. I. I. Savira, Budidaya Ulat Sutra Eri (Samia cynthia ricini). Jember: Inti Karya Aksara, 2021.
35. S. K. Das, L. C. Dutta, and R. L. Deka, Phenology and cocoon characters of eri silkworm (Samia ricini boisduvial) affected by temperature and humidity at Jorhat, Assam. J. Agrometeorol. 23 (2021) 256–259.
36. J. Tungjitwitayakul and N. Tatun, Comparison of biological and biochemical parameters of eri-silkworms, Samia cynthia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), reared on artificial and natural diets, J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 5 (2017) 314-319.
37. B. Anujaa, Manickavasagam, S. B. Vignesh, Studies on cocoon and grainage parameters of eri silkworm Samia ricini (Donovan) influenced by artifical diet studies on cocoon and grainage parameters of eri silkworm Samia ricini (Donovan) influenced by artificial diet, Int. J. Res. Anal. Rev.883 (2022) 883-893.
38. S. Pavankumar, K. Bali, S. Chanotra, Ascendancy of organic based nutrients for boosting rearing performance of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 9(2020)1665-1671.
39. J. Prihatin, J. Situmorang, Pakan buatan menggunakan daun jambu mete untuk ulat sutra emas Cricula trifenestrata Helf (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), Teknosains. 14 (2001) 397-408.
40. L. Ruth et al., Influence of micronutrients on the food consumption rate and silk production of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) reared on mulberry plants grown in a mountainous agro-ecological condition, Front. Physiol. 10 (2019) 1-11.
41. O. Y. Marito, A. I. Huwaida, V. A. Ramadhan, F. X. R. S. Harijanto, S. B. Harmami, M. Gozan, A simulation-based feasibility assessment of malic acid production from molasses using Rhizopus arrhizus." Comm. Sci. Technol. 10 (2025) 125-134.
42. Y. Kikuchi, S. Hotta, Y. Higuchi, Studies on the artificial dry food for non-mulberry silkworm. Study and utilization of non-mulberry silkworms, Symp. XVI Int. Congr. Entomol. (1980) 33-38.
43. H. L. Dong, S. X. Zhang, H. Tao, Z. H. Chen, X. Li, J. F. Qiu, W. Z. Cui, Y. H. Sima, W. Z. Cui, S. Q. Xu, Metabolomics differences between silkworms (Bombyx mori) reared on fresh mulberry (Morus) leaves or artificial diets, Sci. Reeports 7 (2017) 10972.
44. C. Lalmuankimi, I. Gogoi, T. A. Singha, Effect of plant extracts on larval growth parameters of eri silkworm, Samia ricini Boisd., Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci 9 12 (2020) 2655-2661.
45. L. Ruth, S. Ghatak, S. Subbarayan, B. N. Choudhury, G. Gurusubramanian, N. S. Kumar, T. Bin, Influence of micronutrients on the food consumption rate and silk production of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) reared on mulberry plants grown in a mountainous agro-ecological condition, Front. Physiol. 10 (2019) 878.
46. Y. Boboyev, C. Bekkamov, S. Nurmanova, N. Aminbayeva, Impact of change in air temperature on the biological parameters of larvae and productivity of silkworm cocoons, In BIO Web of Conferences 65 (2023) 01020. EDP Sciences.
47. R. Alisher, S. Sharifjon, R. Akmal, Study of the influence of silkworm feeding conditions on the quality of cocoons and properties of the cocoon shell, Eng. 11 (2019) 755.