Oxygen-functionalized carbon nanofibers from kulim wood for high- performance supercapacitors via an integrated chemical–physical catalyst approach
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Keywords:
Oxygen-functionalized, Nanofiber, Porous carbon, Electrode material, Supercapacitor
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Abstract
This study highlights the critical role of oxygen-functionalized hierarchical nanofiber structures derived from kulim wood waste in improving the electrochemical performance of symmetric supercapacitors. A one-step catalyst-assisted method was developed to synthesize these carbon nanofibers. The synthesized material exhibited well-defined oxygen functionalities (9.34% oxygen content) and exceptional porosity (1070 m2/g), demonstrating a micro-mesoporosity ratio of nearly 4:1. This structural design led to enhanced capacitive properties, achieving a capacity of 172 F/g in acid media and a rate capability of 81.2% at 10 A/g. The oxidation reactions indicated a mixed energy storage mechanism, with 83% EDL-controlled and 22% redox-controlled processes. Additionally, the material showed an energy output of 19.91 Wh/kg and a power density of 1.02 kW/kg, showcasing its potential for sustainable energy storage applications. Importantly, this work offers a scalable, low-cost, and biomass-driven strategy for producing high-performance carbon electrodes, advancing sustainable supercapacitor technologies.
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Taer, E., Apriwandi, Tambunan, E. N. T., Yanti, N., Nursyafni, & Taslim, R. (2025). Oxygen-functionalized carbon nanofibers from kulim wood for high- performance supercapacitors via an integrated chemical–physical catalyst approach. Communications in Science and Technology, 10(2), 379–388. https://doi.org/10.21924/cst.10.2.2025.1834
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References
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2. A. Shuja, H.R. Khan, I. Murtaza, S. Ashraf, Y. Abid, F. Farid, F. Sajid, Supercapacitors for energy storage applications: Materials, devices and future directions: A comprehensive review, J. Alloys Compd. 1009 (2024) 176924.
3. J. Zhang, M. Gu, X. Chen, Supercapacitors for renewable energy applications: A review, Micro Nano Eng. 21 (2023) 100229.
4. H. Hu, M. Yan, J. Jiang, A. Huang, S. Cai, L. Lan, K. Ye, D. Chen, K. Tang, Q. Zuo, Y. Zeng, W. Tang, J. Fu, C. Jiang, Y. Wang, Z. Yan, X. He, L. Qiao, Y. Zhao, A state-of-the-art review on biomass-derived carbon materials for supercapacitor applications: From precursor selection to design optimization, Sci. Total Environ. 912 (2024) 169141.
5. Q.Z. Zhang, D. Zhang, Z.C. Miao, X.L. Zhang, S.L. Chou, Research Progress in MnO2–Carbon Based Supercapacitor Electrode Materials, Small 14 (2018) 1–15.
6. M.G. Tadesse, A.S. Ahmmed, J.F. Lübben, Review on Conductive Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications, J. Compos. Sci. 8 (2024) 53.
7. V. Kavan Kumar, N.L. Panwar, A review on porous carbon synthesis processes and its application as energy storage supercapacitor, J. Indian Chem. Soc. 101 (2024) 101231.
8. L. Liu, W. Zhang, B. Lu, Z. Cheng, H. Cao, J. Li, Z. Fan, X. An, Controllable heteroatoms doped electrodes engineered by biomass based carbon for advanced supercapacitors: A review, Biomass and Bioenergy 186 (2024) 107265.
9. N. Sangtong, T. Chaisuwan, S. Wongkasemjit, H. Ishida, W. Redpradit, K. Seneesrisakul, U. Thubsuang, Ultrahigh-surface-area activated biocarbon based on biomass residue as a supercapacitor electrode material: Tuning pore structure using alkalis with different atom sizes, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 326 (2021) 111383.
10. Z. Kang, D. Xu, L. Zhao, D. Liu, Boosting supercapacitor performance with high-specific surface area porous carbon derived from sugarcane bagasse, J. Energy Storage 104 (2024) 114718.
11. D. Liu, T. Guo, D. Xu, G. Xu, Z. Wang, B. Fan, Y. Ding, Rational construction of hierarchical porous carbon with ultrahigh specific surface area and rich heteroatoms toward high-performance supercapacitors, Vacuum 215 (2023) 112374.
12. X. Ni, Y. Zhao, P. Cai, Q. Xu, D. Li, Biomass-tar-derived oxygen-enriched porous carbon as a high-performance carbon electrode material for double electric layer and zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor, Diam. Relat.Mater. 148 (2024) 1–10.
13. Q. Wang, H. Zheng, Y. Zhang, Y. Huang, W. Li, W. Huang, J. Xiang, P. Yuan, H. Xue, S. Wang, Y. Zhou, W. Lu, Biomass-based porous carbon from trachycarpus fortunei silk with the hierarchical oxygen-enriched structure for high performance flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 185 (2024) 111785.
14. Atika, R.K. Dutta, Oxygen-rich porous activated carbon from eucalyptus wood as an efficient supercapacitor electrode, Energy Technol. 9 (2021) 1–12.
15. K. Al, S. Başakçılardan Kabakcı, Oxygen-rich precursors via glycerol organosolv treatment: Preparation of activated carbon from hazelnut shell and its structural components for possible use in electrodes for supercapacitors, Int. J. Thermofluids 21 (2024) 100588.
16. S. Zhong, L. Dai, H. Xu, C. Yuan, S. Wang, Biomorphic porous carbon derived from reed with enriched oxygen-functional groups for high-performance supercapacitors, Diam. Relat. Mater. 141 (2024).
17. X. Geng, G. Singh, C.I. Sathish, Z. Li, R. Bahadur, Y. Liu, S. Li, X. Yu, M. Breese, J. Yi, A. Vinu, Biomass derived nanoarchitectonics of porous carbon with tunable oxygen functionalities and hierarchical structures and their superior performance in CO2 adsorption and energy storage, Carbon N. Y. 214 (2023).
18. Z. Chen, Y. Chen, Q. Wang, T. Yang, Q. Luo, K. Gu, W. Yang, Molecularly-regulating oxygen-containing functional groups of ramie activated carbon for high-performance supercapacitors, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 665 (2024) 772–779.
19. X. Wang, B. Liu, S. Wang, H. Xie, Y. Zha, X. Huang, D.M.F. Santos, Y. Li, Oxygen self-doped hierarchical porous carbons derived from coal liquefaction residue for high-performance supercapacitors in organic and ionic liquid-based electrolytes, Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 669 (2023) 131552.
20. E. Taer, N. Nursyafni, A. Apriwandi, A. Fudholi, N. Chitraningrum, M. Deraman, R. Taslim, Oxygen-functionalization of unique hierarchical carbon nanosheet fishtail-like for synergistically enhanced capacitive performance supercapacitor, Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 15 (2024) 045011.
21. E. Taer, L. Pratiwi, Apriwandi, W.S. Mustika, R. Taslim, Agustino, Three-dimensional pore structure of activated carbon monolithic derived from hierarchically bamboo stem for supercapacitor application, Commun. Sci. Technol. 5 (2020) 22–30.
22. E. Taer, F. Hasanah, R. Taslim, Nanofiber-enrich activated carbon coin derived from tofu dregs as electrode materials for supercapacitor, Commun. Sci. Technol. 6 (2021) 41–48.
23. W.M. Nursyaputri, Z.K. Fairuzy, Z. Khumairah, N. Yanti, N. Nursyafni, A. Apriwandi, R. Taslim, E. Taer, Novel colored biomass-waste from food industry sector derived hierarchical porous carbon nanofiber for robust symmetric supercapacitor, Commun. Sci. Technol. 9 (2024) 411–420.
24. I. Ali, M. Asim, T.A. Khan, Low cost adsorbents for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater, J. Environ. Manage. 113 (2012) 170–183.
25. J. Khajonrit, T. Sichumsaeng, O. Kalawa, S. Chaisit, A. Chinnakorn, N. Chanlek, S. Maensiri, Mangosteen peel-derived activated carbon for supercapacitors, Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 32 (2022) 570–578.
26. S. Huang, D.D. Ma, X. Wang, Y. Shi, R. Xun, H. Chen, H. Guan, Y. Tong, A space-sacrificed pyrolysis strategy for boron-doped carbon spheres with high supercapacitor performance, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 608 (2022) 334–343.
27. D. Zhang, W. Ma, K. Li, Manipulating internal morphology and mesoporous in monodisperse carbon nanospheres for supercapacitor with organic electrolyte, J. Energy Storage 91 (2024) 112114.
28. B. Gorji, A. Khosrozadeh, S. Doja, L. Tao, M.B. Miller, L. Bichler, M. Arjmand, J. Liu, Critical evaluation of hybrid and organic electrolytes for supercapacitors with optimized porous carbon, Electrochim. Acta 441 (2023) 141778.
29 R. Sun, Y. Chen, X. Gao, G. Xie, R. Yang, C. Yang, Y. Shi, Y. Yi, Sodium lignosulfonate-derived hierarchical porous carbon electrode materials for supercapacitor applications, J. Energy Storage 91 (2024) 112025.
30. L. Wang, W. Li, P. Li, L. Zhang, L. Li, KHCO3 chemical-activated hydrothermal porous carbon derived from jackfruit inner skin for supercapacitor applications, J. Mol. Struct. 1318 (2024) 139380.
31. B. Tekin, Y. Topcu, Novel hemp biomass-derived activated carbon as cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors: Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical performance, J. Energy Storage 77 (2024) 109879.
32. J. Serafin, M. Baca, M. Biegun, E. Mijowska, R.J. Kaleńczuk, J. Sreńscek-Nazzal, B. Michalkiewicz, Direct conversion of biomass to nanoporous activated biocarbons for high CO2 adsorption and supercapacitor applications, Appl. Surf. Sci. 497 (2019) 143722.
33. K. Chen, S. Weng, J. Lu, J. Gu, G. Chen, O. Hu, X. Jiang, L. Hou, Facile synthesis of chitosan derived heteroatoms-doped hierarchical porous carbon for supercapacitors, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 320 (2021) 111106.
34. C.F. Xue, Y. Lin, W. Zhao, T. Wu, Y.Y. Wei, X.H. Li, W.J. Yan, X.G. Hao, Green preparation of high active biochar with tetra-heteroatom self-doped surface for aqueous electrochemical supercapacitor with boosted energy density, J. Energy Storage 90 (2024) 111872.
35. T. Wang, F. Yin, Y. Fang, C. Sun, Waste Cigarette Butts-Derived Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Fibers Loaded with Ru Nanoparticles as an Efficient Cathode Catalyst for Lithium-Oxygen Batteries, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 11 (2023) 9163–9171.
36. M. Jayachandran, A. Rose, T. Maiyalagan, N. Poongodi, T. Vijayakumar, Effect of various aqueous electrolytes on the electrochemical performance of α-MnO2 nanorods as electrode materials for supercapacitor application, Electrochim. Acta 366 (2021) 137412.
37. R. Farma, I. Apriyani, A. Awitdrus, E. Taer, A. Apriwandi, Hemicellulosa-derived Arenga pinnata bunches as free-standing carbon nanofiber membranes for electrode material supercapacitors, Sci. Rep. 12 (2022) 2572.
38. S.R.A. Sasono, M.F. Rois, W. Widiyastuti, T. Nurtono, H. Setyawan, Nanofiber-enrich dispersed activated carbon derived from coconut shell for supercapacitor material, Results Eng. 18 (2023) 101070.
39. Y. Zhao, J. Mu, Y. Wang, Y. Liu, H. Wang, H. Song, Preparation of hierarchical porous carbon through one-step KOH activation of coconut shell biomass for high-performance supercapacitor, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 34 (2023) 1–22.
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