Physicochemical and antibacterial properties of green-synthesized bimetallic CuO-ZnO nanoparticles
Article Sidebar
Keywords:
copper-zinc, Moringa oleifera, antibacterial activities
Main Article Content
Abstract
Green-synthesized bimetallic copper oxide–zinc oxide (CuO/ZnO) nanoparticles have attracted considerable interest due to their enhanced physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity. This study proposes a green synthesis approach for CuO/ZnO nanoparticles and evaluates their physicochemical characteristics and antibacterial performance by means of a range of analytical techniques including XRD, XRF, FTIR, SEM–EDX, and UV–Visible spectroscopy. XRD analysis confirmed elevated crystallinity in all samples, while the CuO/ZnO bimetallic variant (Cbest) exhibited the smallest crystallite size (22.93 nm). Antibacterial assays, conducted utilizing the agar well diffusion method demonstrated that pure CuO nanoparticles exhibited the strongest inhibition against Escherichia coli (15.39 mm), whereas the CuO/ZnO bimetallic variant (Cbest) demonstrated the highest activity against Staphylococcus aureus (10.02 mm). The results of the one-way ANOVA indicated significant differences among the treatments (p < 0.05), thus confirming the influence of nanoparticle composition on antibacterial efficacy. These findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized CuO/ZnO nanoparticles as effective antibacterial agents.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
How to Cite
Suryani, N. K. E., Karyasa, I. W., & Parwata, I. P. (2026). Physicochemical and antibacterial properties of green-synthesized bimetallic CuO-ZnO nanoparticles. Communications in Science and Technology, 11(1), 180–190. https://doi.org/10.21924/cst.11.1.2026.1976
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
1. Rhamdiyah FK, Maharani DK. Biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera L.: Its application as antibacterial and photocatalyst. Indones J Chem Sci. (2022).
2. Fatoni A, Hilma H, Rasyad A, Novriyanti S. Biosintesis ZnO nanopartikel dari ekstrak air daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava L.) dan ion Zn2+ serta interaksinya dengan kitosan sebagai antibakteri Escherichia coli. J Sains Farm Klin. (2020) 151.
3. Yu W, Tang J, Gao C, Zheng X, Zhu P. Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles from the aqueous extract of Lonicera japonica Thunb and evaluation of its catalytic property, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity. Nanomaterials. (2025).
4. Nguyen TT, Nguyen YN, Tran XT, Nguyen TT, Tran TV. Green synthesis of CuO, ZnO and CuO/ZnO nanoparticles using Annona glabra leaf extract for antioxidant, antibacterial and photocatalytic activities. J Environ Chem Eng. (2023) 111003.
5. Swandono HU, Fitria F, Permatasari I. Representasi simplisia dan ekstrak etanol daun kelor (Moringa oleifera L.) terpurifikasi. J Pharma Bhakta. (2024) 55–64.
6. Nurfadia VH, Wilapangga A, Royani S. Green synthesis nanopartikel perak (NPAg) menggunakan ekstrak etanol 96% daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) sebagai antibakteri. J Pharm. (2024) 146–156.
7. Ahmed S, Ahmad M, Swami BL, Ikram S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts and their applications. J Adv Res. (2016) 17–28.
8. Singh J, Dutta T, Kim KH, Rawat M, Samddar P, Kumar P. Green synthesis of metals and their oxide nanoparticles: Applications for environmental remediation. J Nanobiotechnol. (2018) 1–24.
9. Mageshwari K, Mali SS, Sathyamoorthy R, Patil PS. Template-free synthesis of MgO nanoparticles for effective photocatalytic applications. Powder Technol. (2013) 456–462.
10. Umar H, et al. Plant-mediated green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles: Progress in biomedical applications. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. (2022) 1–19.
11. Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajadi SM, Iravani S, Varma RS. Green-synthesized nanocatalysts and their applications. Chem Rev. (2019) 3738–3939.
12. Niggli P. Die Kristallstruktur einiger Oxyde I. Z Kristallogr Kristallgeom Kristallphys Kristallchem. (1922) 253–299.
13. Albertsson J, Abrahams SC, Kvick A. Atomic displacement, anharmonic thermal vibration, expansivity, and pyroelectric coefficient thermal dependences in ZnO. Acta Crystallogr B. (1989) 34–40.
14. Sangeetha G, Rajeshwari S, Venckatesh R. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by Aloe barbadensis Miller leaf extract. Mater Res Bull. (2011) 2560–2566.
15. Diallo A, Ngom BD, Park E, Maaza M. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by Aspalathus linearis: Structural, optical and photocatalytic properties. J Alloys Compd. (2015) 425–430.
16. Vijayakumar S, Mahadevan S, Arulmozhi P, Sriram S, Praseetha PK. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Atalantia monophylla leaf extracts: Characterization and antimicrobial analysis. Mater Sci Energy Technol. (2018) 22–27.
17. Sun M, Zeng Z, Zhang L. Recent progress in bimetallic nanostructures: Synthesis, properties and applications. Nanoscale Adv. (2019) 4064–4086.
18. Moezzi A, McDonagh AM, Cortie MB. Zinc oxide particles: Synthesis, properties and applications. Chem Eng J. (2012) 185–186
19. Munandar N, Aritonang HF, Bonaventura R, Wijaya DP. Synthesis of Cu nanoparticles using Anredera cordifolia extract and their potential as antidiabetic with alpha amylase enzyme inhibition. Commun Sci Technol. (2025) 422–430.
20. Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajjadi M, Sajadi SM, Iravani S, editors. Green synthesis of nanoparticles. Elsevier. (2021) 125–154.
21. Siddiqi KS, Rahman A, Husen A. Properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their activity against microbes. Nanoscale Res Lett. (2018) 141.
22. Gudkov SV, Shafeev GA, Glinushkin AP, et al. A mini review of antibacterial properties of ZnO nanoparticles. Front Phys. (2021) 641481.
23. Hatamie A, Khan A, Golabi M, Kiani A, Zobaradist P, Willander M. Zinc oxide nanostructures for effective killing of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Mater Sci Eng C. (2019) 761–772.
24. Vera-Reyes I, Lira-Saldivar RH, Mendez-Argüello B. Nanoparticles of CuO and ZnO: Influence of oxidative stress on bacterial membrane integrity. Nanomaterials. (2022) 652
25. Almadiy AA, Nenaah GE, Jassas MJ. Synthesis of CuO/ZnO nanocomposites and their antibacterial activity: Influence of surface area and reactive oxygen species generation. Mater Chem Phys. (2023)127145.
26. Slavin YN, Asnis J, Häfeli UO, Bach H. Metal nanoparticles: Understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity. J Nanobiotechnol. (2017) 65.
27. Kulkarni S, Akolkar HN, Khedkar VM, Ramasamy R, Mahanwar KR, Darekar NR. Biogenic-based metal nanomaterials for sustainable engineering applications. Oakville (ON): Apple Academic Press. (2025).
28. Sharma S, Kumar K, Thakur N, Chauhan S, Chauhan MS. Eco-friendly Ocimum tenuiflorum green route synthesis of CuO nanoparticles: Characterizations on photocatalytic and antibacterial activities. J Environ Chem Eng. (2021) 105395.
2. Fatoni A, Hilma H, Rasyad A, Novriyanti S. Biosintesis ZnO nanopartikel dari ekstrak air daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava L.) dan ion Zn2+ serta interaksinya dengan kitosan sebagai antibakteri Escherichia coli. J Sains Farm Klin. (2020) 151.
3. Yu W, Tang J, Gao C, Zheng X, Zhu P. Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles from the aqueous extract of Lonicera japonica Thunb and evaluation of its catalytic property, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity. Nanomaterials. (2025).
4. Nguyen TT, Nguyen YN, Tran XT, Nguyen TT, Tran TV. Green synthesis of CuO, ZnO and CuO/ZnO nanoparticles using Annona glabra leaf extract for antioxidant, antibacterial and photocatalytic activities. J Environ Chem Eng. (2023) 111003.
5. Swandono HU, Fitria F, Permatasari I. Representasi simplisia dan ekstrak etanol daun kelor (Moringa oleifera L.) terpurifikasi. J Pharma Bhakta. (2024) 55–64.
6. Nurfadia VH, Wilapangga A, Royani S. Green synthesis nanopartikel perak (NPAg) menggunakan ekstrak etanol 96% daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) sebagai antibakteri. J Pharm. (2024) 146–156.
7. Ahmed S, Ahmad M, Swami BL, Ikram S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts and their applications. J Adv Res. (2016) 17–28.
8. Singh J, Dutta T, Kim KH, Rawat M, Samddar P, Kumar P. Green synthesis of metals and their oxide nanoparticles: Applications for environmental remediation. J Nanobiotechnol. (2018) 1–24.
9. Mageshwari K, Mali SS, Sathyamoorthy R, Patil PS. Template-free synthesis of MgO nanoparticles for effective photocatalytic applications. Powder Technol. (2013) 456–462.
10. Umar H, et al. Plant-mediated green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles: Progress in biomedical applications. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. (2022) 1–19.
11. Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajadi SM, Iravani S, Varma RS. Green-synthesized nanocatalysts and their applications. Chem Rev. (2019) 3738–3939.
12. Niggli P. Die Kristallstruktur einiger Oxyde I. Z Kristallogr Kristallgeom Kristallphys Kristallchem. (1922) 253–299.
13. Albertsson J, Abrahams SC, Kvick A. Atomic displacement, anharmonic thermal vibration, expansivity, and pyroelectric coefficient thermal dependences in ZnO. Acta Crystallogr B. (1989) 34–40.
14. Sangeetha G, Rajeshwari S, Venckatesh R. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by Aloe barbadensis Miller leaf extract. Mater Res Bull. (2011) 2560–2566.
15. Diallo A, Ngom BD, Park E, Maaza M. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by Aspalathus linearis: Structural, optical and photocatalytic properties. J Alloys Compd. (2015) 425–430.
16. Vijayakumar S, Mahadevan S, Arulmozhi P, Sriram S, Praseetha PK. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Atalantia monophylla leaf extracts: Characterization and antimicrobial analysis. Mater Sci Energy Technol. (2018) 22–27.
17. Sun M, Zeng Z, Zhang L. Recent progress in bimetallic nanostructures: Synthesis, properties and applications. Nanoscale Adv. (2019) 4064–4086.
18. Moezzi A, McDonagh AM, Cortie MB. Zinc oxide particles: Synthesis, properties and applications. Chem Eng J. (2012) 185–186
19. Munandar N, Aritonang HF, Bonaventura R, Wijaya DP. Synthesis of Cu nanoparticles using Anredera cordifolia extract and their potential as antidiabetic with alpha amylase enzyme inhibition. Commun Sci Technol. (2025) 422–430.
20. Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajjadi M, Sajadi SM, Iravani S, editors. Green synthesis of nanoparticles. Elsevier. (2021) 125–154.
21. Siddiqi KS, Rahman A, Husen A. Properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their activity against microbes. Nanoscale Res Lett. (2018) 141.
22. Gudkov SV, Shafeev GA, Glinushkin AP, et al. A mini review of antibacterial properties of ZnO nanoparticles. Front Phys. (2021) 641481.
23. Hatamie A, Khan A, Golabi M, Kiani A, Zobaradist P, Willander M. Zinc oxide nanostructures for effective killing of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Mater Sci Eng C. (2019) 761–772.
24. Vera-Reyes I, Lira-Saldivar RH, Mendez-Argüello B. Nanoparticles of CuO and ZnO: Influence of oxidative stress on bacterial membrane integrity. Nanomaterials. (2022) 652
25. Almadiy AA, Nenaah GE, Jassas MJ. Synthesis of CuO/ZnO nanocomposites and their antibacterial activity: Influence of surface area and reactive oxygen species generation. Mater Chem Phys. (2023)127145.
26. Slavin YN, Asnis J, Häfeli UO, Bach H. Metal nanoparticles: Understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity. J Nanobiotechnol. (2017) 65.
27. Kulkarni S, Akolkar HN, Khedkar VM, Ramasamy R, Mahanwar KR, Darekar NR. Biogenic-based metal nanomaterials for sustainable engineering applications. Oakville (ON): Apple Academic Press. (2025).
28. Sharma S, Kumar K, Thakur N, Chauhan S, Chauhan MS. Eco-friendly Ocimum tenuiflorum green route synthesis of CuO nanoparticles: Characterizations on photocatalytic and antibacterial activities. J Environ Chem Eng. (2021) 105395.