Nanofiber-enrich activated carbon coin derived from tofu dregs as electrode materials for supercapacitor
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Keywords:
nanofiber, carbon coins, tofu dregs, electrode material, supercapacitor
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Abstract
In this study, the activated carbon with enriched nanofiber obtained from free-binder materials. It was conducted tofu dregs carbon nanofiber as electrode material for supercapacitor without the addition of pVdF/PTFE. The chemical impregnation of NaOH, ZnCl2 and H3PO4 at high-temperature pyrolysis in an N2-CO2 environment converted the tofu dregs into carbon coin. Subsequently, the physical properties including, microcrystalline, morphology, element analysis, and electrochemical properties of specific capacitance were investigated. The morphological structure of activated carbon showed high nanofiber density and was decorated by sponge-like pores. In addition, the nanofiber contains oxygen content of 12.70% which can act as self-doping due to the pseudo-capacitance properties. Furthermore, the two-electrode system obtained a specific capacitance of 163 F g-1 in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. The results showed that tofu dregs-based activated carbon coins are sustainable and efficient to obtain high-dense nanofiber structure as electrode materials for energy storage applications.
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Taer, E., Apriwandi, Hasanah, F., & Taslim, R. (2021). Nanofiber-enrich activated carbon coin derived from tofu dregs as electrode materials for supercapacitor. Communications in Science and Technology, 6(1), 41-48. https://doi.org/10.21924/cst.6.1.2021.407
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References
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T.R. Kumar, R.A. Senthil, Z. Pan, J. Pan and Y. Sun, A tubular-like porous carbon derived from waste American poplar fruit as advanced electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor, J. Energy Storage. 32 (2020) 101903.
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H. Wang, C. Wang, Y. Xiong, C. Jin and Q. Sun, Simple Synthesis of N-Doped Interconnected Porous Carbon from Chinese Tofu for High-Performance Supercapacitor and Lithium-Ion Battery Applications, J. Electrochem. Soc. 164 (2017) A3832–A3839.
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K. Surya and M.S. Michael, Novel interconnected hierarchical porous carbon electrodes derived from bio-waste of corn husk for supercapacitor applications, J. Electroanal. Chem. 878 (2020) 114674.
X. Ma, et al., Bamboolike Carbon Microfibers Derived from Typha Orientalis Fibers for Supercapacitors and Capacitive Deionization, J. Electrochem. Soc. 166 (2019) A236–A244.
A.B. Fuertes and M. Sevilla, Hierarchical microporous/mesoporous carbon nanosheets for high-performance supercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 7 (2015) 4344–4353.
J. Deng, T. Xiong, H. Wang, A. Zheng and Y. Wang, Effects of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin on the structure and morphology of porous carbons, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 4 (2016) 3750–3756.
M.Y. De Luna, et al., A thermogravimetric analysis of biomass wastes from the northeast region of Brazil as fuels for energy recovery, Energy Sources, Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff. 41 (2018) 1557–1575.
M.A. Martín-González, P. Susial, J. Pérez-Peña and J.M. Doña-Rodríguez, Preparation of activated carbons from banana leaves by chemical activation with phosphoric acid: adsorption of methylene blue, Rev. Mex. Ing. Quim. 12 (2013) 595–608.
C. Kim, et al., Self-sustained thin Webs consisting of porous carbon nanofibers for supercapacitors via the electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile solutions containing zinc chloride, Adv. Mater. 19 (2007) 2341–2346.
B. Men, et al., High-performance nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon derived from cauliflower for advanced supercapacitors, J. Mater. Sci. 54 (2019) 2446–2457.
V. Yang, et al., Highly ordered hierarchical porous carbon derived from biomass waste mangosteen peel as superior cathode material for high performance supercapacitor, J. Electroanal. Chem. (2019) 113616.
Y. Li, X. Wang and M. Cao, Three-dimensional porous carbon frameworks derived from mangosteen peel waste as promising materials for CO2 capture and supercapacitors, J. CO2 Util. 27 (2018) 204–216.
O. Boujibar, A. Ghosh, O. Achak, T. Chafik and F. Ghamouss, A high energy storage supercapacitor based on nanoporous activated carbon electrode made from Argan shells with excellent ion transport in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes, J. Energy Storage. 26 (2019) 100958.
R. Taslim, T.R. Dewi, E. Taer, A. Apriwandi, A. Agustino and R.N. Setiadi, Effect of physical activation time on the preparation of carbon electrodes from pineapple crown waste for supercapacitor application, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1120 (2018) 012084.
R. Farma, et al., Preparation of highly porous binderless activated carbon electrodes from fibres of oil palm empty fruit bunches for application in supercapacitors, Bioresour. Technol. 132 (2013) 254–261.
B.S. Girgis, Y.M. Temerk, M.M. Gadelrab and I.D. Abdullah, X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Activated Carbons Prepared under Various Conditions, Carbon Sci. 8 (2007) 95–100.
M. Deraman, et al., A New Empirical Equation for Estimating Specific Surface Area of Supercapacitor Carbon Electrode from X-Ray Diffraction, Adv. Mater. Res. 1108 (2015) 1–7.
K. Kumar, R.K. Saxena, R. Kothari, D.K. Suri, N.K. Kaushik and J.N. Bohra, Correlation between adsorption and x-ray diffraction studies on viscose rayon based activated carbon cloth, Carbon N. Y. 35 (1997) 1842–1844.
Z. Dai, P. Ren, W. He, X. Hou, F. Ren and Q. Zhang, Boosting the electrochemical performance of nitrogen-oxygen co-doped carbon nano fibers based supercapacitors through esteri fication of lignin precursor, Renew. Energy. 162 (2020) 613–623.
L. Deng, et al., The enhancement of electrochemical capacitance of biomass-carbon by pyrolysis of extracted nanofibers, Electrochim. Acta. 228 (2017) 398–406.
X. Liu, et al., Flexible all-fiber electrospun supercapacitor, J. Power Sources. 384 (2018) 264–269.
Y. Liu, et al., Nitrogen/sulfur dual-doped sponge-like porous carbon materials derived from pomelo peel synthesized at comparatively low temperatures for superior-performance supercapacitors, J. Electroanal. Chem. 847 (2019) 113111.
A.R. Selvaraj, A. Muthusamy, Inho-Cho, H.J. Kim, K. Senthil and K. Prabakar, Ultrahigh surface area biomass derived 3D hierarchical porous carbon nanosheet electrodes for high energy density supercapacitors, Carbon. 174 (2021) 463–474.
S. Yang, S. Wang, X. Liu and L. Li, Biomass derived interconnected hierarchical micro-meso-macro- porous carbon with ultrahigh capacitance for supercapacitors, Carbon. 147 (2019) 540–549.
M.M. Nasssar and G.D.M. Mackay, Mechanism of thermal decomposition of lignin, Wood Fiber Sci. 3 (1984) 441–453.
H. Wei, et al., Advanced porous hierarchical activated carbon derived from agricultural wastes toward high performance supercapacitors, J. Alloys Compd. 820 (2020) 153111.
L. Wan, et al., Facile synthesis of nitrogen self-doped hierarchical porous carbon derived from pine pollen via MgCO3 activation for high-performance supercapacitors, J. Power Sources. 438 (2019) 227013.
X.Q. Lin, N. Yang, L. Qiu-Feng and R. Liu, Self-Nitrogen-Doped Porous Biocarbon from Watermelon Rind: A High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrode and Its Improved Electrochemical Performance Using Redox Additive Electrolyte, Energy Technol. 7 (2019).
C.I. Contescu, S.P. Adhikari, N.C. Gallego and N.D. Evans, Activated carbons derived from high-temperature pyrolysis of lignocellulosic Biomass, J. Carbon Res. 4 (2018) 9–13.
F. Razmjooei, K. Singh, T.H. Kang, N. Chaudhari, J. Yuan and J.S. Yu, Urine to highly porous heteroatom-doped carbons for supercapacitor: A value added journey for human waste, Sci. Rep. 7 (2017) 1–14.
H. Yang, J. Zhou, M. Wang, S. Wu, W. Yang and H. Wang, From basil seed to flexible supercapacitors: Green synthesis of heteroatom-enriched porous carbon by self-gelation strategy, Int. J. Energy Res. 44 (2020) 4449–4463.
G.A. Yakaboylu, T. Yumak, C. Jiang, J.W. Zondlo, J. Wang and E.M. Sabolsky, Preparation of Highly Porous Carbon through Slow Oxidative Torrefaction, Pyrolysis, and Chemical Activation of Lignocellulosic Biomass for High-Performance Supercapacitors, Energy and Fuels. 33 (2019) 9309–9329.
K. Sun, et al., Oxygen-containing hierarchically porous carbon materials derived from wild jujube pit for high-performance supercapacitor, Electrochim. Acta. 231 (2017) 417–428.
J. Zhang, et al., N-doped hierarchically porous carbon derived from grape marcs for high-performance supercapacitors, J. Alloys Compd. 854 (2021) 157207.
Y. Zhang, et al., Review of macroporous materials as electrochemical supercapacitor electrodes, J. Mater. Sci. 52 (2017) 11201–11228.
Z. Shang, et al., Chitin nanofibers as versatile bio-templates of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks for N-doped hierarchically porous carbon electrodes for supercapacitor, Carbohydr. Polym. 251 (2021) 117107.
H. Fu, et al., Single layers of MoS2/Graphene nanosheets embedded in activated carbon nanofibers for high-performance supercapacitor, J. Alloys Compd. 829 (2020) 154557.
Z. Liu,et al., Mesoporous carbon nanofibers with large cage-like pores activated by tin dioxide and their use in supercapacitor and catalyst support, Carbon. 70 (2014) 295–307.
R. Taslim, et al., Synthesis of High Porous Activated Carbon Nanofibers using the Single-Step Pyrolysis of Reeds Waste and Its Applications in Supercapacitor Electrodes, Technol. Reports Kansai Univ. 62 (2020) 5629–5641.
C. Ma, et al., Preparation and one-step activation of microporous carbon nanofibers for use as supercapacitor electrodes, Carbon N. Y. 51 (2013) 290–300.
Poonam, K. Sharma, A. Arora and S.K. Tripathi, Review of supercapacitors: Materials and devices, J. Energy Storage. 21 (2019) 801–825.
A. González, E. Goikolea, J.A. Barrena and R. Mysyk, Review on supercapacitors: Technologies and materials, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 58 (2016) 1189–1206.
Z.S. Iro, C. Subramani and S.S. Dash, A brief review on electrode materials for supercapacitor, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 11 (2016) 10628–10643.
L. Zhang, et al., Three-dimensional structures of graphene/polyaniline hybrid films constructed by steamed water for high-performance supercapacitors, J. Power Sources. 342 (2017) 1–8.
E.E. Miller, Y. Hua and F.H. Tezel, Materials for energy storage: Review of electrode materials and methods of increasing capacitance for supercapacitors, J. Energy Storage. 20 (2018) 30–40.
T. Wang, et al., Flexible carbon nano fibers for high-performance free-standing supercapacitor electrodes derived from Powder River Basin coal, Fuel. 278 (2020) 117985.
S. Soltani, N. Khanian, T.S.Y. Choong and U. Rashid, Recent progress in the design and synthesis of nanofibers with diverse synthetic methodologies: Characterization and potential applications, New J. Chem. 44 (2020) 9581–9606.
K. Mensah-Darkwa, C. Zequine, P.K. Kahol and R.K. Gupta, Supercapacitor energy storage device using biowastes: A sustainable approach to green energy, Sustain. 11 (2019).
P. González-García, Activated carbon from lignocellulosics precursors: A review of the synthesis methods, characterization techniques and applications, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 82 (2018) 1393–1414.
Y. Liu, J. Chen, B. Cui, P. Yin and C. Zhang, Design and Preparation of Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials for Supercapacitors: A Review, J. Carbon Res. 4 (2018) 53.
M. Inagaki, H. Konno and O. Tanaike, Carbon materials for electrochemical capacitors, J. Power Sources. 195 (2010) 7880–7903.
T.R. Kumar, R.A. Senthil, Z. Pan, J. Pan and Y. Sun, A tubular-like porous carbon derived from waste American poplar fruit as advanced electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor, J. Energy Storage. 32 (2020) 101903.
E. Taer, Apriwandi, B.K.L. Dalimunthe and R. Taslim, A rod-like mesoporous carbon derived from agro-industrial cassava petiole waste for supercapacitor application, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 96 (2021).
X. Su, S. Li, S. Jiang, Z. Peng, X. Guan and X. Zheng, Superior capacitive behavior of porous activated carbon tubes derived from biomass waste-cotonier strobili fibers, Adv. Powder Technol. 29 (2018) 2097–2107..
Y. Liang, Y. Lu, G. Xiao, J. Zhang, H. Chi and Y. Dong, Hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon microspheres after thermal rearrangement as high performance electrode materials for supercapacitors, Appl. Surf. Sci. 529 (2020) 147141.
S. Palisoc, J.M. Dungo and M. Natividad, Low-cost supercapacitor based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and activated carbon derived from Moringa Oleifera fruit shells, Heliyon. 6 (2020) e03202.
E. Taer, A. Apriwandi, R. Taslim, A. Agutino and D.A. Yusra, Conversion Syzygium oleana leaves biomass waste to porous activated carbon nanosheet for boosting supercapacitor performances, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 9 (2020) 13332–13340.
J. Jose, V. Thomas, V. Vinod, R. Abraham and S. Abraham, Nanocellulose based functional materials for supercapacitor applications, J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices. 4 (2019) 333–340.
E. Azwar, et al., Transformation of biomass into carbon nanofiber for supercapacitor application-A review, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 43 (2018) 20811–20821.
E. Taer, K. Natalia, A. Apriwandi, R. Taslim, A. Agustino and R. Farma, The synthesis of activated carbon nano fiber electrode made from acacia leaves (Acacia mangium wild) as supercapacitors, Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 11 (2020) 25007.
T. Wang, et al., Carbon Nanofibers Prepared from Solar Pyrolysis of Pinewood as Binder-free Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitors, Cell Reports Phys. Sci. 1 (2020) 100079.
X. Sun,et al., Hierarchical porous carbon obtained from frozen tofu for efficient energy storage, New J. Chem. 42 (2018) 12421–12428.
H. Wang, C. Wang, Y. Xiong, C. Jin and Q. Sun, Simple Synthesis of N-Doped Interconnected Porous Carbon from Chinese Tofu for High-Performance Supercapacitor and Lithium-Ion Battery Applications, J. Electrochem. Soc. 164 (2017) A3832–A3839.
E. Taer, L. Pratiwi, Apriwandi, W.S. Mustika, R. Taslim and Agustino, Three-dimensional pore structure of activated carbon monolithic derived from hierarchically bamboo stem for supercapacitor application, Commun. Sci. Technol. 5 (2020) 22–30.
K. Surya and M.S. Michael, Novel interconnected hierarchical porous carbon electrodes derived from bio-waste of corn husk for supercapacitor applications, J. Electroanal. Chem. 878 (2020) 114674.
X. Ma, et al., Bamboolike Carbon Microfibers Derived from Typha Orientalis Fibers for Supercapacitors and Capacitive Deionization, J. Electrochem. Soc. 166 (2019) A236–A244.
A.B. Fuertes and M. Sevilla, Hierarchical microporous/mesoporous carbon nanosheets for high-performance supercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 7 (2015) 4344–4353.
J. Deng, T. Xiong, H. Wang, A. Zheng and Y. Wang, Effects of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin on the structure and morphology of porous carbons, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 4 (2016) 3750–3756.
M.Y. De Luna, et al., A thermogravimetric analysis of biomass wastes from the northeast region of Brazil as fuels for energy recovery, Energy Sources, Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff. 41 (2018) 1557–1575.
M.A. Martín-González, P. Susial, J. Pérez-Peña and J.M. Doña-Rodríguez, Preparation of activated carbons from banana leaves by chemical activation with phosphoric acid: adsorption of methylene blue, Rev. Mex. Ing. Quim. 12 (2013) 595–608.
C. Kim, et al., Self-sustained thin Webs consisting of porous carbon nanofibers for supercapacitors via the electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile solutions containing zinc chloride, Adv. Mater. 19 (2007) 2341–2346.
B. Men, et al., High-performance nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon derived from cauliflower for advanced supercapacitors, J. Mater. Sci. 54 (2019) 2446–2457.
V. Yang, et al., Highly ordered hierarchical porous carbon derived from biomass waste mangosteen peel as superior cathode material for high performance supercapacitor, J. Electroanal. Chem. (2019) 113616.
Y. Li, X. Wang and M. Cao, Three-dimensional porous carbon frameworks derived from mangosteen peel waste as promising materials for CO2 capture and supercapacitors, J. CO2 Util. 27 (2018) 204–216.
O. Boujibar, A. Ghosh, O. Achak, T. Chafik and F. Ghamouss, A high energy storage supercapacitor based on nanoporous activated carbon electrode made from Argan shells with excellent ion transport in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes, J. Energy Storage. 26 (2019) 100958.
R. Taslim, T.R. Dewi, E. Taer, A. Apriwandi, A. Agustino and R.N. Setiadi, Effect of physical activation time on the preparation of carbon electrodes from pineapple crown waste for supercapacitor application, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1120 (2018) 012084.
R. Farma, et al., Preparation of highly porous binderless activated carbon electrodes from fibres of oil palm empty fruit bunches for application in supercapacitors, Bioresour. Technol. 132 (2013) 254–261.
B.S. Girgis, Y.M. Temerk, M.M. Gadelrab and I.D. Abdullah, X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Activated Carbons Prepared under Various Conditions, Carbon Sci. 8 (2007) 95–100.
M. Deraman, et al., A New Empirical Equation for Estimating Specific Surface Area of Supercapacitor Carbon Electrode from X-Ray Diffraction, Adv. Mater. Res. 1108 (2015) 1–7.
K. Kumar, R.K. Saxena, R. Kothari, D.K. Suri, N.K. Kaushik and J.N. Bohra, Correlation between adsorption and x-ray diffraction studies on viscose rayon based activated carbon cloth, Carbon N. Y. 35 (1997) 1842–1844.
Z. Dai, P. Ren, W. He, X. Hou, F. Ren and Q. Zhang, Boosting the electrochemical performance of nitrogen-oxygen co-doped carbon nano fibers based supercapacitors through esteri fication of lignin precursor, Renew. Energy. 162 (2020) 613–623.
L. Deng, et al., The enhancement of electrochemical capacitance of biomass-carbon by pyrolysis of extracted nanofibers, Electrochim. Acta. 228 (2017) 398–406.
X. Liu, et al., Flexible all-fiber electrospun supercapacitor, J. Power Sources. 384 (2018) 264–269.
Y. Liu, et al., Nitrogen/sulfur dual-doped sponge-like porous carbon materials derived from pomelo peel synthesized at comparatively low temperatures for superior-performance supercapacitors, J. Electroanal. Chem. 847 (2019) 113111.
A.R. Selvaraj, A. Muthusamy, Inho-Cho, H.J. Kim, K. Senthil and K. Prabakar, Ultrahigh surface area biomass derived 3D hierarchical porous carbon nanosheet electrodes for high energy density supercapacitors, Carbon. 174 (2021) 463–474.
S. Yang, S. Wang, X. Liu and L. Li, Biomass derived interconnected hierarchical micro-meso-macro- porous carbon with ultrahigh capacitance for supercapacitors, Carbon. 147 (2019) 540–549.
M.M. Nasssar and G.D.M. Mackay, Mechanism of thermal decomposition of lignin, Wood Fiber Sci. 3 (1984) 441–453.
H. Wei, et al., Advanced porous hierarchical activated carbon derived from agricultural wastes toward high performance supercapacitors, J. Alloys Compd. 820 (2020) 153111.
L. Wan, et al., Facile synthesis of nitrogen self-doped hierarchical porous carbon derived from pine pollen via MgCO3 activation for high-performance supercapacitors, J. Power Sources. 438 (2019) 227013.
X.Q. Lin, N. Yang, L. Qiu-Feng and R. Liu, Self-Nitrogen-Doped Porous Biocarbon from Watermelon Rind: A High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrode and Its Improved Electrochemical Performance Using Redox Additive Electrolyte, Energy Technol. 7 (2019).
C.I. Contescu, S.P. Adhikari, N.C. Gallego and N.D. Evans, Activated carbons derived from high-temperature pyrolysis of lignocellulosic Biomass, J. Carbon Res. 4 (2018) 9–13.
F. Razmjooei, K. Singh, T.H. Kang, N. Chaudhari, J. Yuan and J.S. Yu, Urine to highly porous heteroatom-doped carbons for supercapacitor: A value added journey for human waste, Sci. Rep. 7 (2017) 1–14.
H. Yang, J. Zhou, M. Wang, S. Wu, W. Yang and H. Wang, From basil seed to flexible supercapacitors: Green synthesis of heteroatom-enriched porous carbon by self-gelation strategy, Int. J. Energy Res. 44 (2020) 4449–4463.
G.A. Yakaboylu, T. Yumak, C. Jiang, J.W. Zondlo, J. Wang and E.M. Sabolsky, Preparation of Highly Porous Carbon through Slow Oxidative Torrefaction, Pyrolysis, and Chemical Activation of Lignocellulosic Biomass for High-Performance Supercapacitors, Energy and Fuels. 33 (2019) 9309–9329.
K. Sun, et al., Oxygen-containing hierarchically porous carbon materials derived from wild jujube pit for high-performance supercapacitor, Electrochim. Acta. 231 (2017) 417–428.
J. Zhang, et al., N-doped hierarchically porous carbon derived from grape marcs for high-performance supercapacitors, J. Alloys Compd. 854 (2021) 157207.
Y. Zhang, et al., Review of macroporous materials as electrochemical supercapacitor electrodes, J. Mater. Sci. 52 (2017) 11201–11228.
Z. Shang, et al., Chitin nanofibers as versatile bio-templates of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks for N-doped hierarchically porous carbon electrodes for supercapacitor, Carbohydr. Polym. 251 (2021) 117107.
H. Fu, et al., Single layers of MoS2/Graphene nanosheets embedded in activated carbon nanofibers for high-performance supercapacitor, J. Alloys Compd. 829 (2020) 154557.
Z. Liu,et al., Mesoporous carbon nanofibers with large cage-like pores activated by tin dioxide and their use in supercapacitor and catalyst support, Carbon. 70 (2014) 295–307.
R. Taslim, et al., Synthesis of High Porous Activated Carbon Nanofibers using the Single-Step Pyrolysis of Reeds Waste and Its Applications in Supercapacitor Electrodes, Technol. Reports Kansai Univ. 62 (2020) 5629–5641.
C. Ma, et al., Preparation and one-step activation of microporous carbon nanofibers for use as supercapacitor electrodes, Carbon N. Y. 51 (2013) 290–300.