Separation of heavy metal pollutants by micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration membrane system and its surfactant recovery
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Keywords:
Ultrafiltration, fouling, heavy metals, critical micelle concentration
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Abstract
Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) is an effective treatment for treating heavy metal effluents. However, excessive use of synthetic surfactants leads to more serious problems, thereby highlighting the significance of surfactant recovery. This present study focuses on the recovery of surfactants while preserving their capacity to entrap metal ions. In this study, the acidification method was utilized to dissociate metal ions (Cu2+ and Cd2+) from the surfactant micelles. The findings demonstrate that the lowest critical micelle concentration found at pH 1, with 91% and 87% of the surfactant recovered for Cu2+ and Cd2+ system, respectively. The spontaneous occurrence of acidic surfactant micellization was thermodynamically validated, as evidenced by negative ΔGm values. Furthermore, the recovered surfactant exhibits high level of rejection and indicates an intermediate-blocking mechanism (R2>0.99). The findings highlight acid-assisted MEUF as a scalable approach for efficient metal removal and surfactant recovery, in turn, reducing chemical consumption and environmental impact.
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Aryanti, N., Susanto, H., Widiasa, I. N., Rokhati, N., Nafiunisa, A., Adina, A. R., & Dwilaksita, A. (2026). Separation of heavy metal pollutants by micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration membrane system and its surfactant recovery. Communications in Science and Technology, 11(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.21924/cst.11.1.2026.1887
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References
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3. O.N. Kononova, G.L. Bryuzgina, O.V. Apchitaeva, Y.S. Kononov, Ion exchange recovery of chromium (VI) and manganese (II) from aqueous solutions, Arabian J. Chem. 12 (2019) 2713–2720.
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6. L. Han, J. Li, Q. Xue, M. Guo, P. Wang, C. Sun, Enzymatically induced phosphate precipitation (EIPP) for stabilization/solidification (S/S) treatment of heavy metal tailings, Constr. Build. Mater. 314 (2022).
7. C. Goyburo-Ch ́avez, J.I. Mendez-ruiz, S. Jim, P. Romero-crespo, L. Gutierrez, P.E. Valverde-armas, Pilot-scale reverse osmosis treatment of gold cyanidation effluent for the removal of cyanide, heavy metal (loid)s, and ionic species, Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng. 9 (2024) 100688.
8. N. Aryanti, A. Nafiunisa, A. Rizki, T. Djoko, Synthesis, characterization and anti-fouling properties of poly[vinylidene fluoride]-incorporated SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2 nanoparticle-LiCl pore former ultrafiltration membranes, Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng. 9 (2024) 100664.
9. N. Kusumawati, P. Setiarso, Supari Muslim, Sinta Anjas Cahyani, Nafisatus Zakiyah, A. Kahfi, Effect of layered double hydroxide-graphene oxide modifier composition on characteristics of polyvinylidene fluoride based nanocomposite membranes in the separation of Cu2+, Commun. Sci. Technol. 9 (2024) 128–135.
10. N. Aryanti, A. Nafiunisa, V.F. Giraldi, L. Buchori, Separation of organic compounds and metal ions by micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration using plant-based natural surfactant (saponin), Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng. 8 (2023) 2–11.
11. J. Ren, Y. Jiang, H. Ren, X. Xue, Z. Yang, L. Yang, Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration of heavy metal wastewater with palygorskite under various temperatures and pressures, J. Water Process Eng. 67 (2024).
12. J. Huang, H. Li, G. Zeng, L. Shi, Y. Gu, Y. Shi, B. Tang, X. Li, Removal of Cd(II) by MEUF-FF with anionic-nonionic mixture at low concentration, Sep. Purif. Technol. 207 (2018) 199–205.
13. M. Dawam, M. Gobara, H. Oraby, M.Y. Zorainy, I.M. Nabil, Advances in Membrane Technologies for Heavy Metal Removal from Polluted Water: A Comprehensive Review, Water, Air, & Soil Pollut. 236 (2025) 1–20.
14. V. Innocenzi, M. Prisciandaro, F. Tortora, G. Mazziotti di Celso, F. Vegliò, Treatment of WEEE industrial wastewaters: Removal of yttrium and zinc by means of micellar enhanced ultra filtration, Waste Manag. 74 (2018) 393–403.
15. N. Abdullah, N. Yusof, W.J. Lau, J. Jaafar, A.F. Ismail, Recent trends of heavy metal removal from water / wastewater by membrane technologies, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 76 (2019) 17–38.
16. F. Liang, L. Sun, Z. Zeng, J. Kang, Treatment of surfactant wastewater by foam separation: Combining the RSM method and WOA-BP neural network to explore optimal process conditions, Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 193 (2023) 85–98.
17. L.K.S. Tanwar, M.K. Banjare, S. Sharma, K.K. Ghosh, Physicochemical studies on the micellization of anionic surfactants in the presence of long alkyl chain ionic liquid, Chem. Phys. Lett. 769 (2021).
18. G. Simoni, X. Chen, M.L. Christensen, V. Boffa, Treatment of printing industrial wastewater: application of acidification, coagulation and flocculation for dewatering, J. Water Proc. Eng. 72 (2025).
19. L. Fu, G. Zhang, J. Ge, K. Liao, H. Pei, P. Jiang, X. Li, Study on organic alkali-surfactant-polymer flooding for enhanced ordinary heavy oil recovery, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 508 (2016) 230–239.
20. D. Kulkarni, N. Itankar, Surfactant removal from wastewater: a comparative review on adsorption versus other techniques, Environ. Technol. Rev. 14 (1) (2025) 713-742.
21. T. Najem, G.M. Ayoub, D. Salam, R.M. Zayyat, Eliminating hazardous pollutants: treatment options for dioxins and surfactants from water and wastewater: an updated review, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 31 (2024) 62702–62729.
22. J. Huang, F. Qi, G. Zeng, L. Shi, X. Li, Y. Gu, Y. Shi, Repeating recovery and reuse of SDS micelles from MEUF retentate containing Cd2+ by acidification UF, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 520 (2017) 361–368.
23. J. Huang, F. Yuan, G. Zeng, X. Li, Y. Gu, L. Shi, W. Liu, Y. Shi, Influence of pH on heavy metal speciation and removal from wastewater using micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration, Chemosphere 173 (2017) 199–206.
24. J. Huang, F. Qi, G. Zeng, L. Shi, X. Li, Y. Gu, Y. Shi, Repeating recovery and reuse of SDS micelles from MEUF retentate containing Cd2+ by acidification UF, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 520 (2017) 361–368.
25. S.K. Rajendran, J.H. Mondal, Md.S. Alam, Influence of an anionic hydrotrope on thermophysical properties of an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate, Chem. Phys. Lett. 787 (2022).
26. S. Shirzad, R. Sadeghi, Micellization properties and related thermodynamic parameters of aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfonate solutions in the presence of 1-propanol, Fluid Phase Equilib. 377 (2014) 1–8.
27. J.A. Kozlova, D.A. Danilov, E. V Gordeev, Determination of concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate after intercalation of layered rare earth hydroxides determination of concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate after intercalation of layered rare earth hydroxides, the 2nd international conference on physical instrumentation and advanced materials, Surabaya, Indonesia, 050017 (2020).
28. Y. Zhai, J. Yang, Fabrication and modification of PVDF membrane by PDA@ZnO for enhancing hydrophilic and antifouling property, Arabian J. Chem. 16 (2023).
29. F. Tortora, V. Innocenzi, G. Mazziotti di Celso, F. Vegliò, M. Capocelli, V. Piemonte, M. Prisciandaro, Application of micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration in the pre-treatment of seawater for boron removal, Desalination 428 (2018) 21–28.
30. N. Park, H. Kim, Y. Lee, Y. Choi, S. Lee, Prediction of ultrafiltration membrane fouling using statistical models in pilot and full-scale operations, Desalin. Water Treat. 227 (2021) 86–92.
31. B. Niu, L. Yang, S. Meng, D. Liang, H. Liu, L. Yang, L. Shen, Q. Zhao, Time-dependent analysis of polysaccharide fouling by Hermia models: Reveal the structure of fouling layer, Sep. Purif. Technol. 302 (2022).
32. L.M.S. Silva, J.J. Galan-díaz, Comparative analysis of critical micelle concentration of cationic surfactants determined by conductivity, sound velocity, and density using weighted orthogonal distance regression, Surf. Interfaces 56 (2025).
33. A. Soria-Lopez, M. García-Martí, E. Barreiro, J.C. Mejuto, Ionic surfactants critical micelle concentration prediction in water / organic solvent mixtures by arti fi cial neural network, Tenside Surf. Det. 61 (2024) 519–529.
34. J.Y. Sum, W.X. Kok, T.S. Shalini, The removal selectivity of heavy metal cations in micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration: A study based on critical micelle concentration, Mater. Today Proc. 46 (2021) 2012–2016.
35. J. Huang, L. Shi, G. Zeng, H. Li, H. Huang, Removal of Cd (II) by micellar enhanced ultra filtration: Role of SDS behaviors on membrane with low concentration, J. Clean. Prod. 209 (2019).
36. M. Ishfaq, S. Mujeeb, A.M. Khan, Surface activities and micellization of an anionic surfactant in the presence of a commercial insulin formulation, J. Mol. Liq. 433 (2025).
37. M. Shakeel, K. Mehmood, M. Siddiq, Solution and surface properties of metformin hydrochloride in aqueous solution and its interaction with amino acids and anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India Section A Physics and Science (2019).
38. K. Risse, J. Bridot, J. Yang, L. Sagis, S. Drusch, Tuning interfacial properties of phospholipid stabilised oil – water interfaces by changing the phospholipid headgroup or fatty acyl chain, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 686 (2025) 203–217.
39. Y. Sarkar, R. Majumder, S. Das, A. Ray, P.P. Parui, Detection of curvature radius dependent interfacial pH/polarity for amphiphilic self-assemblies: positive vs negative curvature detection of curvature radius dependent interfacial ph/polarity for amphiphilic self-assemblies: positive versus negative curvature, Langmuir 34 (21) (2017) 6271-6284.
40. B. Sarkar, Micellar enhanced ultrafiltration in the treatment of dye wastewater: Fundamentals, state-of-the-art and future perspectives, Groundw. Sustain. Dev. 17 (2022) 100730.
41] N. Farkas, J.A. Kramar, Dynamic light scattering distributions by any means, J. Nanoparticle Res. 23 (2021).
42. A.J. de Jesus Silva, M.M. Contreras, C.R. Nascimento, M.F. da Costa, Kinetics of thermal degradation and lifetime study of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) subjected to bioethanol fuel accelerated aging, Heliyon 6 (2020).
43. B. Zhou, H. Yang, X. Li, Z. Li, S. Bauyrzhan, W. Kang, J. Shen, C. Ning, X. Yang, A novel pH-responsive wormlike micelles combinated sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and diethylenetriamine (DETA) based on noncovalent electrostatic interaction, Phys. Fluids 35 (2023) 117110.
44. F. Matebese, M.L. Motloutsi, M.J. Raseala, R.M. Moutloali, Smart ultrafiltration: pH-modulated polyacrylic acid-grafted polyethersulfone (PAA-g-PES) membranes for efficient natural organic matter (NOM) foul mitigation and cleaning process, Chem. Eng. J. Adv. 24 (2025) 100935.
45. N.A. Volkov, N.V. Tuzov, A.K. Shchekin, Molecular dynamics study of salt influence on transport and structural properties of SDS micellar solutions, Fluid Ph. Equilib. 424 (2016) 114–121.
46. T. Mudalige, H. Qu, D. Van Haute, S.M. Ansar, A. Paredes, T. Ingle, Chapter 11 - Characterization of nanomaterials: tools and challenges, in: Nanomaterials for Food Applications, 2019: pp. 2019–2021.
47. A. Yusaf, M. Usman, M. Ibrahim, A. Mansha, A. ul Haq, H.F. Rehman, M. Ali, Mixed micellar solubilization for procion blue MxR entrapment and optimization of necessary parameters for micellar enhanced ultrafiltration, Chemosphere 313 (2023) 137320.
48. X. Mao, J. Cai, R. Wu, B. Liu, Mechanisms and membrane fouling properties of dual surfactants coupling nanofiltration for multiple heavy metal rejection, J. Clean. Prod. 501 (2025).
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